High-NOON States by Mixing Quantum and Classical Light

Afek, I.; Ambar, O.; Silberberg, Yaron

doi:10.1126/science.1188172

Cited by 610 publications

(625 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This is possible via some rather complicated optical schemes [57][58][59][60][61] which have only been implemented in highly refined, but post-selected experiments [61][62][63][64][65][66]. However states which possess a high fidelity with the NOON states, also for large values of N , can be simply obtained by mixing a squeezed vacuum and a coherent state at a beam splitter [67][68][69]. Introducing such states at the input of a Mach-Zehnder, a scaling N −1 in the average photon number of photons employed in a given experimental run can be achieved [1].…”

Section: Applications In Quantum Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in quantum metrology

2011

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In classical estimation theory, the central limit theorem implies that the statistical error in a measurement outcome can be reduced by an amount proportional to n −1/2 by repeating the measures n times and then averaging. Using quantum effects, such as entanglement, it is often possible to do better, decreasing the error by an amount proportional to n −1 . Quantum metrology is the study of those quantum techniques that allow one to gain advantages over purely classical approaches.In this review, we analyze some of the most promising recent developments in this research field. Specifically, we deal with the developments of the theory and point out some of the new experiments. Then we look at one of the main new trends of the field, the analysis of how the theory must take into account the presence of noise and experimental imperfections.Any measurement consists in three parts: the preparation of a probe, its interaction with the system to be measured, and the probe readout. This process is often plagued by statistical or systematic errors. The source of the former can be accidental (e.g. deriving from an insufficient control of the probes or of the measured system) or fundamental (e.g. deriving from the Heisenberg uncertainty relations). Whatever their origin, we can reduce their effect by repeating the measurement and averaging the resulting outcomes. This is a consequence of the central-limit theorem: given a large number n of independent measurement results (each having a standard deviation ∆σ), their average will converge to a Gaussian distribution with standard deviation ∆σ/ √ n, so that the error scales as n −1/2 . In quantum mechanics this behavior is referred to as "standard quantum limit" (SQL) and is associated with procedures which do not fully exploit the quantum nature of the system under investigation 1 . Notably it is possible to do better when one employs quantum effects, such as entanglement among the probing devices employed for the measurements, e.g. see Refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Consequently, the SQL is not a fundamental quantum mechanical bound as it can be surpassed by using "non-classical" strategies. Nonetheless, through Heisenberg-like uncertainty relations, quantum mechanics still sets ultimate limits in precision which are typically referred to as "Heisenberg bounds". In Fig. 1 we present a simple example which may be useful to un-1 In quantum optics, the n −1/2 scaling is also indicated as "shot noise", since it is connected to the discrete nature of the radiation that can be heard as "shots" in a photon counter operating in Geiger mode.derstand the quantum enhancement. Part of the emerging field of quantum technology [7], quantum metrology studies these bounds and the (quantum) strategies which allows us to attain them. More generally it deals with measurement and discrimination procedures that receive some kind of enhancement (in precision, efficiency, simplicity of implementation, etc.) through the use of quantum effects. This paper aims to review some of the most recent developmen...

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Section: Applications In Quantum Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in quantum metrology

2011

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“…They offer both super-resolution (N-fold decrease in fringe period) and supersensitivity (enhanced precision towards the Heisenberg limit -Δϕ~1/N), and they are the optimal state for low-flux sensing in the lossless regime. The current record in size of NOON-like states is five photons using post-selection 13 and four photons using ancillary-photon detection. 14 Key components for this architecture have been demonstrated in integrated optics, including state generation and manipulation, 15 micro-fluidics 5 and photon detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards practical quantum metrology with photon counting

et al. 2016

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Quantum metrology aims to realise new sensors operating at the ultimate limit of precision measurement. However, optical loss, the complexity of proposed metrology schemes and interferometric instability each prevent the realisation of practical quantumenhanced sensors. To obtain a quantum advantage in interferometry using these capabilities, new schemes are required that tolerate realistic device loss and sample absorption. We show that loss-tolerant quantum metrology is achievable with photoncounting measurements of the generalised multi-photon singlet state, which is readily generated from spontaneous parametric downconversion without any further state engineering. The power of this scheme comes from coherent superpositions, which give rise to rapidly oscillating interference fringes that persist in realistic levels of loss. We have demonstrated the key enabling principles through the four-photon coincidence detection of outcomes that are dominated by the four-photon singlet term of the four-mode downconversion state. Combining state-of-the-art quantum photonics will enable a quantum advantage to be achieved without using post-selection and without any further changes to the approach studied here.

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“…One can then even think of creating entangled states at high, but clearly defined photon numbers, the so-called high-noon states [31][32][33] [a pun on the notation ðjNij0i þ j0ijNiÞ]. These are of fundamental interest and have applications in measurements that beat the wavelength resolution limit.…”

Section: X-ray Quantum Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray comb generation from nuclear-resonance-stabilized x-ray free-electron laser oscillator for fundamental physics and precision metrology

Adams

Kim

2015

Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

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An x-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFELO) is a next-generation x-ray source, similar to free-electron laser oscillators at VUV and longer wavelengths but using crystals as high-reflectivity x-ray mirrors. Each output pulse from an XFELO is fully coherent with high spectral purity. The temporal coherence length can further be increased drastically, from picoseconds to microseconds or even longer, by phase-locking successive XFELO output pulses, using the narrow nuclear resonance lines of nuclei such as 57 Fe as a reference. We show that the phase fluctuation due to the seismic activities is controllable and that due to spontaneous emission is small. The fluctuation of electron-bunch spacing contributes mainly to the envelope fluctuation but not to the phase fluctuation. By counting the number of standing-wave maxima formed by the output of the nuclear-resonance-stabilized (NRS) XFELO over an optically known length, the wavelength of the nuclear resonance can be accurately measured, possibly leading to a new length or frequency standard at x-ray wavelengths. A NRS-XFELO will be an ideal source for experimental x-ray quantum optics as well as other fundamental physics. The technique can be refined for other, narrower resonances such as 181 Ta or 45 Sc.

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High-NOON States by Mixing Quantum and Classical Light

Cited by 610 publications

References 36 publications

Advances in quantum metrology

Advances in quantum metrology

Towards practical quantum metrology with photon counting

X-ray comb generation from nuclear-resonance-stabilized x-ray free-electron laser oscillator for fundamental physics and precision metrology

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