High‐oil residue camelina meal, a viable source of protein at low levels in diets for juvenile salmonids

Abstract

The oilseed Camelina sativa has been studied as a lipid source for farmed salmonids, but recommended inclusion as a protein source has not been determined. This study evaluated low inclusion of camelina high‐oil residue meal (HORM) at 20, 40 and 60 g/kg of the diet, to determine an adequate level for Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Salmon and trout were fed experimental diets containing up to 60 g/kg HORM for 16 weeks. At 40 g/kg HORM, trout and salmon growth performance were similar to those fed a control diet. However, at 60 g/kg HORM, trout showed lower final weight, weight gain and feed intake than those fed the control diet. Rainbow trout fed 40 and 60 g/kg HORM showed significantly lower whole body ash (p = .005), slightly lower whole body protein levels and higher fat than the control. In salmon fed 60 g/kg HORM diets, whole body ash (p = .024), and the submucosal layer of the intestine was thicker than the control (p = .007). Current results indicate that up to 40 g/kg HORM can be included in diets for rainbow trout and salmon juveniles.

Growth Performance, Growth-Related Genes, Digestibility, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Immune and Stress Responses of de novo Camelina Meal in Diets of Red Seabream (Pagrus major)

“…Fish meal (FM) is a primary protein ingredient in aquaculture enterprises. Availability and accessibility of FM have been plummeting due to unprecedented demands for various uses in the wake of the global population boom [ 1 ]. Low FM supply has, in turn, caused prices to soar [ 2 ].…”

Evaluation of high oil residue camelina meal (HORM) on Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) growth performance, carcass composition, intestinal morphology and inflammatory biomarker gene expression

“…In terms of carcass composition, post-smolt Atlantic salmon had reduced carcass protein, lipid and protein retention ratio when fed diets with 160 g/kg and 240 g/ kg HORM (Bullerwell et al, 2016). However, carcass composition of Atlantic salmon was not affected at 80 g/kg HORM (Ye, 2014) or 60 g/ kg HORM (Wei et al, 2019) after 16 weeks of feeding. Such a wide range in results with varying HORM inclusion levels warrants further study to determine the impact on growth and the cause for reduced growth at higher inclusion levels.…”

“…of many of these studies (e.g., Collins, Øverland, et al, 2013;Hua & Bureau, 2012;Sales, 2009). A combination of various plant-based and animal by-product ingredients can provide a majority of the protein content and a balance of amino acids, with less detrimental impacts of antinutritional factors (ANF) (Wei et al, 2019). Ingredients such as soybean protein concentrate, canola meal, corn protein concentrate and poultry by-product meal are commonly used in combination; however, selecting one as the only protein source does not provide a balanced amino acid profile and may impair digestion and gut health caused by ANFs.…”

“…Previous studies have tested both SECM and/or HORM in diets for Atlantic cod (Hixson, Parrish, Wells, Winkowski, & Anderson, 2016), Atlantic salmon (Brown et al, 2016;Bullerwell et al, 2016;Hixson, Parrish, Wells, Winkowski, Anderson, & Bullerwell, 2016;Wei et al, 2019;Ye et al, 2016) and rainbow trout (Collins et al, 2018;Hixson, Parrish, Wells, Winkowski, Anderson, & Bullerwell, 2016;Pan et al, 2011;Wei et al, 2019). Studies with rainbow trout and salmon have shown that a range of HORM inclusion rates are acceptable for fish growth, but this also demonstrates a lack of consensus in the literature on the highest recommended inclusion level.…”

“…Bullerwell et al (2016) demonstrated that HORM at a 200 g/kg dietary inclusion did not restrict the growth of rainbow trout (initial weight was 2 g/fish). However, Ye (2014) found that post-smolt salmon growth after 16 weeks was reduced, due to low feed consumption with ≥80 g/kg HORM inclusion, and Wei et al (2019) reported that pre-smolt (parr) salmon and rainbow trout had reduced growth after 16 weeks at 60 g/kg HORM. Collins et al (2018) found that 80 g/kg HORM and water-and enzyme-treated HORM were acceptable in diets for juvenile rainbow trout after 16 weeks of growth, as there was no evidence of inflammation in HORM-fed fish compared with control diet-fed fish, based on distal intestine histology or inflammatory biomarker gene expression.…”