High Open-Circuit Voltage Poly(ethynylene bithienylene):Fullerene Solar Cells

Cremer, Jens; Baeuerle, Peter; Wienk, MM Martijn; Janssen, Raj René

doi:10.1021/cm0620180

Cited by 98 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…17 The optical band gap energy (Eg) of Eg (eV) = 1240/λab, onset P3HT 2 BTCZ was estimated to be 1.97 eV, based on the UV-visible absorption spectrum (in solution), and was very close to that of P3HT (~2.0 eV). [18][19][20] From the correlation between the HOMO energy level and Eg, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of PHT2BTCZ was calculated to be -3.73 eV. The lower energy edge of the UV-visible absorption range (λ ab, onset ), E ox, onset , E g , and the HOMO and LUMO energies of P3HT2BTCZ in solution are listed in Table 1. The energy difference of the LUMOs of two materials should be at least equal to or slightly larger than the exciton binding energy (0.4-0.5 eV) for efficient electron transfer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thiophene, Benzothiadiazole, and Carbazole-Based Copolymer : Synthesis and Characterization

Li¹,

Meng²,

Kim³

et al. 2009

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Of the various types of polymerbased, photovoltaic devices designed to date, the most efficient photovoltaic devices, having power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3-4%, were fabricated using a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the electron-donor and electron-acceptor materials, respectively.1,2 Soon after the initial reports, P3HT/PCBM-based photovoltaic devices were optimized to achieve PCEs approaching 5%.3-5 New p-type polymers, which absorb light more broadly in the terrestrial solar radiation spectrum, were needed to increase the PCE of these photovoltaic devices. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels and the charge mobility of new p-type materials should also be optimized as these properties are intimately related to photovoltaic performance, as proposed by Scharber et al. 6 Benzothiadiazole (BT) is a well-known electron-deficient molecule which can be conjugated with an electron-rich molecule to form oligomers or polymers with small band gap energies, 7,8 and several different polymers of this variety have been synthesized for applications in electronic devices. 9,10 Recently, Heeger and coworkers used a polymer of alternating cyclopentadithiophene and dibenzothiadiazole units in the fabrication of photovoltaic cells, yielding a PCE of 5%. 11Carbazole derivatives have a planar conjugated structure and good hole transporting properties as well as electron-donating properties.12 Blouin and coworkers have synthesized copolymers bearing carbazole units and employed them in the fabrication of photovoltaic devices with PCEs reaching to 3.6%. 13It appeared interesting to study polymers bearing thiophene-carbazole derivatives and BT as electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing units, respectively, in a polymer backbone. Thus, the goal of this report is to report the synthesis of a conjugated polymer consisting of 3HT, BT, and 2-ethylhexylcarbazol (CZ) (P3HT2BTCZ) and describe the optical and electrochemical properties of the resulting polymer. Experimental SectionMaterials. 3-Hexylthiophene (3HT), carbazole, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane), 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, tributyltin chloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0), tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), potassium carbonate, bromine, hydrogen bromide, toluene, and chloroform were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. 4,7-Bis(5-bromo-4-hexylthiophene-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]-thiadiazole (1).The synthetic procedure of compound 1 has been described elsewhere 14 (orange solid, 0.51 g, 85% yield). 3,6-Dibromocarbazole (2). Using a modified version of a previously reported method, 15 carbazole (16.7 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (150 mL) at 0 o C with stirring, followed by the addition of a solution of NBS (36.3 g, 200 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hr, and the solution then poured into 1 L of water, filtered, and washed with water. The crude product was rec...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Thiophene, Benzothiadiazole, and Carbazole-Based Copolymer : Synthesis and Characterization

Li¹,

Meng²,

Kim³

et al. 2009

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…Moreover, C 60 has superior electron conductivity, which also contributes to photon-energy conversion. [51][52][53] Compared with pure ZnO, ZnO-C 60 composites not only extend the absorbance in the visible light region, but also increase the absorption intensity of ZnO-C 60 composites with increase of C 60 loading amounts, particularly, from 0.5% to 1.5% ( Figure 4A). The light absorbance of ZnO-C 60 composites at the wavelength of 600 nm changes with the mass ratio of ZnO-C 60 composites (the inset of Figure 4A).…”

Section: Coupling Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO through Coupling with Carbon Materials

Qi¹,

Qi²,

Xie³

2017

General Chemistry

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Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is an effective way to overcome environmental pollution. During the past few years, carbon materials have demonstrated great potential to improve photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanomaterials. This review will comment on recent developments of carbon materials (including fullerene, carbon nanotube, and graphene) coupling to improve photocatalytic performance of ZnO for photodegradatation of organic pollutants. The effects of carbon materials on enhancing photocatalytic performance of ZnO include enhancing structure stability, increasing amounts of active sites of pollutant adsorption, boosting electron acceptor formation and transport, enhancing photosensitization, narrowing band gap, etc. Moreover, basic mechanisms how carbon materials enhance photocatalytic activity of ZnO materials are discussed according to the interaction between ZnO and carbon materials. Finally, concluding remarks and current challenges are highlighted with perspectives for future developments of ZnO-based carbon photocatalysts. This review aims at recent research advances on ZnO-based carbon photocatalysts developed for photocatalysis of organic contaminant degradation.

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“…As carbazole is a well-known electron-donating material, its polymers are attractive candidates as p-type materials for solar cells. Owing to the decreased energy of their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), compared to poly(thiophene), which has been used in combination with fullerenes as acceptors in solar cells (Wienk et al 2003;Cremer et al 2006), these polymers are less easily oxidized. The bandgap in polycarbazole is larger, however, so that a material which shows a stronger absorption than fullerenes in this range is required as the acceptor for a high-power conversion from solar light.…”

Section: Conjugated Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding benzene to giant graphenes: towards molecular devices

Müller

Müllen

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Phenylene-based conjugated materials provide versatile platforms for the development of molecular devices. Architectures of one-and two-dimensional polyphenylenes, which self-assemble into three-dimensional objects with advantageous electronic properties, have been investigated. Systematic relations between the size, substitution and shape with function were found, which enabled the further optimization of the materials. Hand in hand with the development of suitable methods for visualization and processing, promising results were obtained for performance of nanoscale electronic devices.

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High Open-Circuit Voltage Poly(ethynylene bithienylene):Fullerene Solar Cells

Cited by 98 publications

References 22 publications

A Thiophene, Benzothiadiazole, and Carbazole-Based Copolymer : Synthesis and Characterization

A Thiophene, Benzothiadiazole, and Carbazole-Based Copolymer : Synthesis and Characterization

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO through Coupling with Carbon Materials

Expanding benzene to giant graphenes: towards molecular devices

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