“…Historically, GA has been measured by several methods including boronate affinity chromatography, 15,16 ion exchange chromatography, 7,17 thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay, 7 immunoassay, 18,19 enzymelinked boronate-immunoassay, 20 and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 21,22 Table 1 summarizes the normal ranges and analytes measured by these GA measurement methods.…”