“…The second branch is to manage the response of the induced electromagnetic field by designing the sensing structure 18,19 . Typical sensing structures include longrange plasmonic resonance 20 , nearly guided wave plasmonic resonance (NGW-PR) 21 , coupled plasmon waveguide resonance (CPWR) 22,23 and waveguide-coupled plasmonic resonance (WC-PR) 24 . The third branch is to employ the bimetallic layer such as Ag-Au layer 25 , zerodimensional nanomaterials (e.g., nanoparticles 26 , nanoshells 27 ), one-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes 28 , nanorods 29 , nanofibers 30 ), and two-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., graphene and derivatives 31 , phosphorene 32 , transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) 33 , MXene 34 , perovskite 35 ) to enhance the overlap integral of the electric field on the surface of the sensor to improve the sensitivity 36 .…”