High-performance liquid chromatography of governing liquid to detect illegal bovine milk's addition in water buffalo Mozzarella: Comparison with results from raw milk and cheese matrix

Detection of the adulteration of water buffalo milk and mozzarella with cow’s milk by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of β-lactoglobulin variants

“…As the distribution of bovine b-LG between the two variants A and B depends on the cow breed from which the milk is obtained (with some breeds exhibiting other variants as well) (Ng-Kwai-Hang & Grosclaude, 2003) and thus the amount of a specific variant can vary considerably, the only correct approach for obtaining a generally valid quantitation measure is to include all variants present in the quantitation process. However, in some previous studies the importance of including all variants of a certain protein in the calculations employed for quantitation seems to have been overlooked (Enne et al, 2005;Ferreira & Caçote, 2003). Therefore, the following approach was employed to obtain a reliable measure for quantitation: summed mass spectra containing all b-LG species (bovine b-LG variants A and B and bubaline b-LG) were generated, deconvoluted and the peak heights in the deconvoluted spectra used to calculate the ratio of bovine b-LG A + B and total b-LG (bovine and bubaline).…”

“…This problem, however, can be overcome by a subsequent immunoblotting step, as reported recently (Addeo, Pizzano, Nicolai, Caira, & Chianese, 2009). As an alternative separation technique, reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection employing a C 4 column was reported (Enne et al, 2005). The method was applied to milk and mozzarella cheese and the ratios of the b-lactoglobulin (b-LG) variants A and B and of b-LG A and the so-called Bx peak which is only present in buffalo's milk were used for quantitative evaluation.…”

“…Several methodologies to detect cow's milk in buffalo mozzarella have been developed (Borková & Snášelová, 2005;Enne et al, 2005). Thereby, two classes of compounds have been used as markers.…”

12S rRNA mitochondrial gene as marker to trace Sicilian mono-species dairy products

“…Several analytical methods have been applied for species identification in milk and dairy products including immunological (Hurley et al, 2004;López-Calleja et al, 2007a;Xue et al, 2010;Zeleňáková et al, 2008), electrophoretic (Chianese et al, 1990;Mayer, 2005;Molina et al, 1999), chromatographic (Branciari et al, 2000;De Noni et al, 1996;Enne et al, 2005), and spectrometric (Nicolaou et al, 2011). For example, the European Commission Regulation (EC) No 273/2008 laid down detailed rules for the application of EC No 1255/ 1999 as regards methods for the analysis and quality evaluation of milk and milk products.…”

β-casein gene polymorphism permits identification of bovine milk mixed with bubaline milk in mozzarella cheese

“…The most common type of adulteration in the manufacture of mozzarella cheese is the addition or full replacement of bubaline milk by bovine milk. Consequently, several methods have been developed to detect milk mixture in these products.Methods based on electrophoresis and chromatography include isoelectric focusing (Moio et al, 1989), high-performance liquid chromatography (Visser et al, 1991;Veloso et al, 2002;Enne et al, 2005), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Andriotti et al, 2000), and also hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Bramanti et al, 2003). However, these methods present limitations due to time intensive protocols and/or high costs.…”