High-Performance Supercapacitor Materials Based on Hierarchically Porous Carbons Derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus Seed

Abstract

High-surface area and large porosity carbon materials with hierarchically porous structures are the preferred electrode materials for high-energy density supercapacitors. In this contribution, we report the preparation of ultrahigh surface area nanoporous carbon materials with hierarchically micro- and mesopore structures from Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seed. This involves a potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation method conducted at higher temperatures (600–1000 °C). The resulting amorphous carbon materials display outstanding performance as electrodes in electrical double-layer capacitors with an aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4), which is due to their partially graphitic structures, ultrahigh surface areas of ca. 2104.3 m2 g–1, and large pore volumes of ca. 1.386 cm3 g–1. Electrodes prepared from the material with optimal textural parameters lead to a high specific capacitance of 323.8 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and sustained 53.7% capacitance retention at a high current density of 50 A g–1, demonstrating the high rate performance of the electrode. The experimental results suggested fast diffusion of the electrolyte ions near the surface of the electrode, which was verified using molecular simulations. The simulations verified that the electrolyte enters the pores, thereby increasing the capacitance but reducing the charge rate compared to nonporous electrodes. Additionally, an exceptionally long cycle stability was observed with 97% of the capacitance retained after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. The results show the considerable probability of Jackfruit-seed-derived hierarchically porous carbons as the electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

High Surface Area Nanoporous Activated Carbons Materials from Areca catechu Nut with Excellent Iodine and Methylene Blue Adsorption

“…It resulted in an increased release of volatile matters to further decrease the yield [50]. Similar trends in the yields with carbonizing temperature and carbonization time have been reported for the AC from pre-leached cassava peels [51] and sugarcane bagasse [47], respectively.…”

“…In addition, the absorption band at 155 and 1250 cm −1 arise from the aromatic C=C stretching and the C-O stretching of guaiacy unit in lignin, respectively. The band around 1441 cm −1 can be assigned to the C-H defor mation in methoxyl, and aromatic skeletal vibrations in lignin and the band at 1370 cm − can be associated with the C-H symmetric deformation that is typical in cellulose and hemicelluloses [46,47] As seen in Figure 1b, ANP precursor materials contain several oxygenated surface functional groups. The broad peak located at 3421 cm −1 reflects the O-H stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups, while the bands at 2917 and 2849 cm −1 correspond to the C-H stretching vibration of CH 3 and CH 2 groups of cellulose.…”

“…In addition, the absorption band at 1550 and 1250 cm −1 arise from the aromatic C=C stretching and the C-O stretching of guaiacyl unit in lignin, respectively. The band around 1441 cm −1 can be assigned to the C-H deformation in methoxyl, and aromatic skeletal vibrations in lignin and the band at 1370 cm −1 can be associated with the C-H symmetric deformation that is typical in cellulose and hemicelluloses [46,47]. The bands in the regions 1000-1180 and 900-650 cm −1 represent the stretching and asymmetric vibrations of C-O, C-C, and C-O-C and C-H bending vibration related to cellulose hemicellulose the aromatic ring.…”

Biomass Nanoarchitectonics for Supercapacitor Applications

“…Recently, Maji and coworkers 196) have reported the ultrahigh surface area (2104.3 m 2 /g) and large pore volumes (1.386 cm 3 /g) hierarchically micro-and mesopore structured carbon materials by the KOH activation of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seed. The obtained carbon was amorphous in nature with a partial graphitic microstructure and performed excellently as the electrode materials in electrical-double layer capacitors with an aqueous electrolyte (1 M H 2 SO 4 ) .…”

Quasi-Solid, Bio-Renewable Supercapacitors Based on Cassava Peel and Cassava Starch and the Use of Carbon Dots as Performance Enhancers

“…Benefiting from the high power density, fast discharge–charge rate, and long cycle life, supercapacitors are the next-generation energy storage devices. − Specifically, one type of supercapacitor, known as the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), has attracted considerable attention because of its performance and environmentally friendly electrode materials. Carbon-based materials, for instance, carbon spheres, − activated carbon, − graphene, − and carbon nanotubes, − are widely studied electrode materials for EDLCs due to their high chemical stability and straightforward preparation. Moreover, heavy metals are not required as in the case of other supercapacitor types, resulting in nontoxicity and environmental friendliness .…”