Layered Na x MeO 2 (Me = transition metal) oxides, the most common electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, fall into different phases according to their stacking sequences. Although the crystalline phase is well known to largely influence the electrochemical performance of these materials, the structure-property relationship is still not fully experimentally and theoretically understood. Herein, a couple consisting of P2-Na 0.62 Ti 0.37 Cr 0.63 O 2 and P3-Na 0.63 Ti 0.37 Cr 0.63 O 2 materials having nearly the same compositions is reported. The atomic crystal structures and charge compensation mechanism are confirmed by atomic-scale characterizations in the layered P2 and P3 structures, respectively, and notably, the relationship of the crystal structure-electrochemical performance is well defined in the layered P-type structures for the first time in this paper. The electrochemical results suggest that the P2 phase exhibits a better rate capability and cycling stability than the P3 phase. Density functional theory calculations combined with a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique indicates that the P2 phase shows a lower Na diffusion barrier in the presence of multi-Na vacancies, accounting for the better rate capability of the P2 phase. Our results reveal the relationship between the crystal structure and the electrochemical properties in P-type layered sodium oxides, demonstrating the potential for future electrode advancements for applications in sodium-ion batteries.
INTRODUCTIONTo smoothly integrate renewable energy into a smart grid system, an inexpensive and efficient energy storage device is urgently needed for large-scale applications. 1 The increasing costs and limited availability of lithium suggest that an alternative to lithium-ion batteries should be developed to meet the demands of large-scale energy storage. [2][3][4][5][6] Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries have chemical storage mechanisms similar to their lithium-ion counterparts and are expected to be low cost and chemically sustainable as a result of an almost infinite supply of sodium. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Meanwhile, the feasible replacement of Cu with Al current collectors (an alloying reaction does not occur between Na and Al) will further reduce the substantial costs and weight for nextgeneration batteries.Layered sodium oxide Na x MeO 2 (Me = 3d transition metal) materials, owing to their large specific capacity and reversible insertion/