“…Informal management practices are often utilized by SMEs in order to control their employees because formal communication and control structures do not exist (Wilkinson, 1999) or are seen as bureaucratic processes (Katz, Aldrich, Welbourne & Williams, 2000). Furthermore, small firms are mostly non-unionized as a result of the paternalistic nature of their employment relationship (Bae, Chuma, Kato, Kim & Ohashi, 2011) but may incorporate more direct and informal voice channels between employer and employees (Marlow & Gray, 2005), with the level of formalization depending on a variety of internal and external factors (Hay, Beattie, Livingstone & Munro, 2001;Kotey & Slade, 2005;Sameer & Ozbilgin, 2014). Beyond the studies above, there is less understanding of how employee voice is formulated in SMEs while any reference to smaller enterprises operating in the periphery is limited.…”