High power stable single-fundamental mode vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers with a zinc diffused absorber

MBE-grown ultra-large aperture single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with all-epitaxial filter section

“…Several approaches were perused to develop single-mode VCSELs with increased aperture diameter such as antiresonant reflecting [4], the combined application of implant and oxide apertures [5], use of Bragg reflectors partially disordered by Zn-diffusion [6], extending the optical cavity [7], effective index guiding based on the photonic crystal structure [8], increasing the high-order mode loss by the shallow surface-relief etching [9] and the two-dimensional triangular holey structure [10]. However, these techniques involve complex extra processing or a hybrid configuration highly sensitive to misalignment and mechanical disturbances, which, in the end, hampers a low-cost and highyield manufacturing.…”

Modal characteristics of large-aperture ARROW VCSELs

“…Most of the previous approaches to achieving single mode VCSELs have focused on a positive index-guided structure [1][2][3][4][5] . This structure requires a relatively small lateral index step and aperture diameter for single mode operation.…”