High‐Pressure Characterization of High‐Performance Insensitive Energetic Materials: Dihydroxylammonium 5,5’‐Bis(3‐Nitro‐1,2,4‐Triazolate‐1N‐Oxide) (MAD‐X1)

Abstract

The high‐pressure behavior of dihydroxylammonium 5,5’‐bis(3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazolate‐1 N‐oxide) (MAD‐X1) was studied at room temperature to 25 GPa by Raman spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. No evidence of polymorphism was observed over this pressure range, indicating that the ambient structure of MAD‐X1 remains stable up to conditions similar to the detonation pressure of the material. Additionally, such findings suggest that this high performance material can serve as an insensitive RDX replacement in energetic formulations without the concern of uncontrolled polymorphism that might otherwise affect the performance and safety of the munition.

High‐Pressure Characterization of Two Stereoisomers of Tetranitroester Cyclobutane

“…The average peak shift value was 3.4 and 3.5 cm −1 GPa −1 for [cis‐trans‐cis] and [all‐cis], with ranges between 0.5 to 8.3 and 0.4 to 14.1 cm −1 GPa −1 , respectively for the two materials. These peak shift values are within the expected range for soft organic materials with applied pressure [7d, e, 8d, 13]. The largest frequency shift in [cis‐trans‐cis] (8.3 cm −1 GPa −1 ) and [all‐cis] (14.1 cm −1 GPa −1 ) occurs for the symmetric/asymmetric stretching of the C−H groups around 3050 cm −1 and may indicate a deformation of the methyl linkages.…”

“…Coupling Raman spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) with the DACs allows for probing of the phase behavior at high‐pressure, where polymorphs of higher sensitivity may ultimately derail a material's development. This technology had been applied to many traditional energetic materials, as well as novel energetics, and yielded information on previously unknown high‐pressure phases [7a, d, e, 8]. Analysis of the pressure vs lattice data derived from indexing of the PXRD data allows for the equation of state (EOS) to be determined, which ultimately provided information on the compressibility of a material [isothermal bulk modulus ( B 0 ) and its pressure derivative ( B ’ )].…”

Combining the most suitable energetic tetrazole and triazole moieties: synthesis and characterization of 5-(1-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-1-hydroxy-tetrazole and its nitrogen-rich ionic derivatives

“…17–23 Among the most promising molecules developed with the aim of replacing RDX are the bis-hydroxylammonium derivatives of 3,3′-dinitro-bis-1,2,4-triazol-1,1′-diolate (MAD-X1) 19 and 5,5′-bistetrazol-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50), 18 which are attracting great attention in the international community. 24–30…”

1,2,5-Oxadiazole-1,2,3,4-Tetrazole Based High Energy Materials: Molecule Design and Screen

“…Among these isomers, 1,2,5-oxadiazole (furazan) had the highest positive heats of formation and a large number of energetic group-functionalized monofurazan/macrocyclic/linked/ring-fused furazans were designed and synthesized. [13][14][15] However, furazan ring is very sensitive and the efforts to discovery new high energy materials with maximize detonation properties and minimizing sensitivity were still on the way. Previous research have also demonstrated that the π-π conjugate system has the potential to reduce sensitivities and increase detonation properties consequently, 1,2,3,4-tetrazole, which also possesses high positive heats of formation and π-π conjugate system, was considered to form different high energy materials.…”