SbPO 4 is a complex monoclinic layered material characterized by a strong activity of the nonbonding lone electron pair (LEP) of Sb. The strong cation LEP leads to the formation of layers piled up along the a axis and linked by weak Sb− O electrostatic interactions. In fact, Sb has 4-fold coordination with O similarly to what occurs with the P−O coordination, despite the large difference in ionic radii and electronegativity between both elements. Here we report a joint experimental and theoretical study of the structural and vibrational properties of SbPO 4 at high pressure. We show that SbPO 4 is not only one of the most compressible phosphates but also one of the most compressible compounds of the ABO 4 family. Moreover, it has a considerable anisotropic compression behavior, with the largest compression occurring along a direction close to the axis and governed by the compression of the LEP and the weak interlayer Sb−O bonds. The strong compression along the a axis leads to a subtle modification of the monoclinic crystal structure above 3 GPa, leading from a 2D to a 3D material. Moreover, the onset of a reversible pressure-induced phase transition is observed above 9 GPa, which is completed above 20 GPa. We propose that the high-pressure phase is a triclinic distortion of the original monoclinic phase. The understanding of the compression mechanism of SbPO 4 can aid in understanding the importance of the ion intercalation and catalytic properties of this layered compound. 47 also drawn a great deal of attention as a photocatalyst under UV 48 light irradiation. 5,6 Moreover, since SbPO 4 belongs to a class of 49 phosphates with a very stable layered structure, where ions can 50 be intercalated between its layers, many research groups have 51 studied its ion-exchange characteristics 7 and respective