High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues

Grigoriev, S.A.; Porembskiy, V.I.; Коробцев, С. В.; Фатеев, В. Н.; Auprêtre, Fabien; Millet, Pierre

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.058

Cited by 213 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This unexpected behavior was also reported in other studies, 5,6 but a satisfying explanation of the phenomenon is still missing.…”

Section: F3180supporting

confidence: 72%

“…10 The overpotential can then be defined as: 31 η HER = i · R K,HER [6] where [7] With an exchange current density of i 0,HER = 250 mA cm metal −2 at 80…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) is placed between the flow-fields (s. (4) in Fig. 1) with the carbon PTL (s. (6) in Fig. 1) on the hydrogen cathode and the titanium PTL (s. (8) in Fig.…”

Section: Electrolyzer Cell Hardwarementioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Bernt

Gasteiger

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

299

267

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In this study, the influence of ionomer content in IrO 2 /TiO 2 anode electrodes for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is investigated (Nafion 212 membrane; 2.0 mg Ir cm −2 / 0.35 mg Pt cm −2 (anode/cathode)) and the contributions of ohmic losses, kinetic losses, proton transport losses in the electrodes, and mass transport losses to the overall cell voltage are analyzed. Electrolysis tests are performed with an in-house designed high pressure electrolyzer cell at differential pressure up to 30 bar. The best performance is obtained for an ionomer content of 11.6 wt% and a cell voltage of 1.57 V at 1 A cm −2 and less than 2 V at 6 A cm −2 (ambient pressure, 80 • C). Performance losses at lower ionomer contents are the result of a higher proton conduction resistance. For higher ionomer contents, on the other hand, performance losses can be related to a filling of the electrode void volume by ionomer, leading to a higher O 2 mass transport resistance, an increased electronic contact resistance, and the electronic insulation of parts of the catalyst by ionomer. At high pressure operation, the performance corrected by the shift of the Nernst voltage increases with H 2 pressure and we propose a new explanation for this effect. In the course of the transition from fossil-based to renewable energy sources, hydrogen technology has gained considerable attention during the past decades. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers are well suited to be coupled with intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar and could provide electrolytic hydrogen for long-term energy storage or fuel cell mobility. At the moment, the large-scale application of PEM electrolyzers is still hindered by their high capital costs.1,2 One attempt to overcome this challenge is to increase the H 2 output by operating an electrolyzer at current densities much higher than the values typically reported in the literature (1-2 A cm −2 ). 2 Recent publications have shown that current densities of 5 A cm −2 and higher are possible. 3,4 Another factor that can be economically beneficial is the operation at high pressure because it allows direct storage of H 2 without subsequent mechanical compression. However, high-pressure operation leads to more demanding materials requirements, imposes additional safety precautions, and reduces the faradaic efficiency due to a higher gas permeation through the membrane. 5,6 It was reported that an operating pressure of 30-45 bar could be a good compromise, 7 with differential pressure operation ( p O 2 ≈ ambient pressure) being more efficient than balanced pressure operation ( p O 2 ≈ p H 2 ).8 However, increasing the current density and the operating pressure of an electrolyzer will increase the cell voltage, leading to a lower overall voltage efficiency and thus higher operating costs. Since the latter are, along with the capital costs, one of the main cost drivers for large-scale applications, 9 minimizing cell voltage at high current densities and pressures is essential for economic competitiveness...

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“…This unexpected behavior was also reported in other studies, 5,6 but a satisfying explanation of the phenomenon is still missing.…”

Section: F3180supporting

confidence: 72%

“…10 The overpotential can then be defined as: 31 η HER = i · R K,HER [6] where [7] With an exchange current density of i 0,HER = 250 mA cm metal −2 at 80…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Bernt

Gasteiger

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

299

267

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…PEM electrolyzers offer the possibility to operate under high pressures which allows hydrogen gas production at more than 100 bar [7]. Depending on the application, internal pressurization may make external gas compressors redundant and therefore reduce system complexity and cost [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-supported characterization of a PEM water electrolysis cell for the effect of compression

Frensch

Olesen

Araya

et al. 2018

Electrochimica Acta

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This paper investigates the influence of the cell compression of a PEM water electrolysis cell. A small single cell is therefore electrochemically analyzed by means of polarization behavior and impedance spectroscopy throughout a range of currents (0.01 A cm −2 to 2.0 A cm −2 ) at two temperatures (60• C and 80• C) and eight compressions (0.77 MPa to 3.45 MPa). Additionally, a computational model is utilized to support the analysis. The main findings are that cell compression has a positive effect on overall cell performance due to decreased contact resistances, but is subject to optimization. In this case, no signs of severe mass transport problems due to crushed transport layers are visible in either polarization curves or impedance plots, even at high currents. However, a Tafel plot analysis revealed more than one slope throughout the current range. The change in the Tafel slope is therefore discussed and connected to the electrochemical reaction or an ohmic contribution from a non-electrode component.

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“…The observations of the relative compression losses from this study and the above literature data, are compared in Figure 2C, where the 29 0.1 to 13 ≈ 0 Siemens 30 0.1, 1 and 10 ≥0.7 A · cm −2 : ≈ −20 Suermann et al 21 0.1, 1 and 10 ≥1.5 A · cm −2 : ≈ 0 cell voltage differences between pressurized and ambient pressure are normalized to the corresponding thermodynamic cell voltage increase (again only hydrogen is of interest and oxygen is considered as a byproduct). For differential pressure operation a compression behavior close to the isothermal values are observed up to 35 MPa.…”

Section: Electrochemical Compression Losses In Differential Andmentioning

confidence: 92%

Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression: Efficient Pressurization Concept Derived from an Energetic Evaluation

Suermann

Kiupel

Schmidt

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Electrochemical hydrogen compression is a potentially high efficient, low-maintenance and silent technology to produce high pressure hydrogen. A new pressure concept with increased compression efficiency, termed intermediate differential pressure polymer electrolyte water electrolysis is proposed. With slightly pressurized oxygen and a much higher hydrogen pressure, this pressure concept profits from the advantages of the lower gas crossover of differential (only hydrogen compressed) pressure water electrolysis and the improved oxygen evolution reaction kinetics with increasing pressure of balanced pressure operation. Data for gas pressures up to 100 MPa is modeled, based on experimental results up to 5 MPa, of the three pressure concepts and validated with literature data up to 70 MPa. While differential pressure electrolyzer operation, following ideal isothermal compression, can be more efficient than today's best mechanical compressors up to 40 MPa, the intermediate pressure concept shows higher compression efficiency up to 90 MPa.

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High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues

Cited by 213 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Model-supported characterization of a PEM water electrolysis cell for the effect of compression

Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression: Efficient Pressurization Concept Derived from an Energetic Evaluation

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High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues

Cited by 213 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO2/TiO2Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO2/TiO2Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Model-supported characterization of a PEM water electrolysis cell for the effect of compression

Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression: Efficient Pressurization Concept Derived from an Energetic Evaluation

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Product

Resources

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Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance

Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO₂/TiO₂Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance