High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea.

Chai, Jong-Yil; Kim, Nak-Yon; Guk, Sang-Mee; Park, Yun-Kyu; Seo, Min; Han, Eun‐Taek; Lee, Soon-Hyung

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.518

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, youngest children tend to have relatively more symptomatic disease than older [23]. The rate of infection in the present study is similar to other studies [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq

Rahi¹,

Ali²,

Al-Charrakh³

2013

AJLS

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Abstract:Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by an apicomplexan protozoa of. Cryptosporidium parvum is the specific infective agent in human . The present study aimed to search for the presence of C. parvumand to determine the prevalence of this parasite among children in Kut city, Iraq. Six hundred stool samples were collected from children less than twelve years old from October 2011 to May 2012. Stool samples were inspected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain and ELISA. Results indicated that 203 cases gave positive results (33.83 %) and 397 cases gave negative results (66.17%) with Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain . The higher infection, 115 (19.17%) appeared in age (<1) year while the lower infection 37 (6.17%) appeared in age (1-6) years. There was association between anemia 66.01% (134/203), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 66.01% (134/203), White Blood Cells Count (WBC's) 66.01% (134/203) that showed increase in number, and infection with cryptosporidiosis, respectively. The high percentage of positive cases (100%) was recorded in microscopic examination compared to 72.5% (129/178) of positive cases detected by ELISA assay. The present study is the first record of cryptosporidiosis among children in Wasit Province, Iraq. It demonstrated clearly a high prevalence rate of C. parvum among children of less than 12 years old in Iraq. ELISA technique will be of great value in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of C. parvum in human fecal materials.

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“…Additionally, youngest children tend to have relatively more symptomatic disease than older [23]. The rate of infection in the present study is similar to other studies [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq

Rahi¹,

Ali²,

Al-Charrakh³

2013

AJLS

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“…The difference in the results can be associated with the number of samples taken, methodology, environmental differences and The prevalence observed for Cryptosporidium spp. in the elderly was lower than the ones presented on research 7,21,24 . Factors affecting the survival and the number of oocysts present in the environment, such as rain or agricultural practices, can interfere with differences in the prevalence of that protozoan.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…Age did not present any correlation with the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., but is an important factor 7,21 . The elderly are more susceptible to having serious illnesses with age advancement, and these diseases can present longer duration thereby increasing the chance that individuals may have higher rates of secondary infections, such as enteroparasitosis 9 The origin of the institution where the elderly lived was important only when associated with G. duodenalis, and there is no basis of explanation for this association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil

Girotto

Grama

Cunha

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYThis study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Long Term Residency Institutions for the Elderly (ILPI) in elders, nurses and food handlers, identifying the risk factors associated with the infections. Stool samples taken from the elderly (n = 293), nurses (63) and food handlers (19) were studied. Questionnaires were used with questions related to sociodemographic variables, health, behavior and health characteristics. Stool samples were examined using the techniques of Faust and Ziehl Neelsen, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar in the elderly was 4.0%, 1.0% and 0.3% respectively. Nurses and food handlers showed 4.8% and 5.2% positivity only for G. duodenalis, respectively. The origin of the individuals and contact with domestic animals has been associated with infection by G. duodenalis in the elderly, and contact with domestic animals was considered a risk factor for infection. The last stool examinations were related to Cryptosporidium spp.. None of the variables were associated with E. histolytica/dispar. The frequency of hand washing was significantly associated with G. duodenalis among nurses. The frequency of positive samples of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar showed that ILPIs environments are conducive to this occurring due to contact between the elderly, nurses and food handlers, which are often poorly trained in hygiene procedures and food handling.

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“…A recent study from Kenya also documented increased oocyst contamination of surface waters at the end of the rainy season, which was consistent with the timing of human infections in the region (20). However, cryptosporidiosis has been reported to occur in the spring season in South Korea (6), in the summer and autumn months in Israel (12), and in the cooler months of November to April in Kuwait (28). Differences in seasonality from different geographical areas can be explained by a recent meta-analysis of seasonality of cryptosporidiosis that found that increases in temperature and rainfall were predictors of increased cryptosporidiosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Multisite Study of Cryptosporidiosis in Children with Diarrhea in India

et al. 2010

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Cryptosporidium spp., a common cause of diarrhea in children, were investigated in the first multisite study in India. Diarrheal stools from hospitalized children aged <5 years from Delhi, Trichy, and Vellore were analyzed by microscopy, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and/or sequencing at the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA and Cpgp40/15 loci for species determination and subgenotyping, respectively. Seventy of 2,579 (2.7%) children, 75% of whom were <2 years old, had cryptosporidial diarrhea as determined by microscopy. Genotyping and subgenotyping showed that Cryptosporidium hominis was the most commonly identified species (59/67 children), and subgenotypes Ie, Ia, Ib, and Id were common in all centers. A novel C. parvum subgenotype, IIn, was identified in Vellore. Meteorological analysis revealed a higher rate of cryptosporidial positivity during hotter and drier weather in Delhi.Cryptosporidium spp. are an important cause of endemic parasitic diarrhea in children in developing countries. In addition to causing symptoms associated with watery diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss, early childhood cryptosporidiosis has been shown by studies to be associated with subsequent faltering of growth (reviewed in reference 11). Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum cause the majority of infections in children in developing countries, with C. hominis predominating and occasional reports of infection with zoonotic species such as C. felis, C. canis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris (30). C. hominis infection has been found to be associated with greater levels of oocyst shedding (4) and longer durations of oocyst shedding (31) and diarrhea (15) than C. parvum infection. In a recent community-based study in Vellore, we found increased levels of severity of diarrhea in C. hominis-infected children compared to the levels observed in children infected with other species (1).Cryptosporidium spp. have been classified into several distinct subgenotypes based on extensive polymorphisms in the Cpgp40/15 (also referred to as GP60) locus by use of PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or sequencing of PCR products (reviewed in reference 30).A number of studies from India have reported Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheal stool samples from children, with positivity rates of up to nearly 20% (17) and asymptomatic infection rates of up to 10% (19), using stool microscopy for detection. However, only three studies have used molecular techniques for identification of cryptosporidiosis in children in India (9,13,22), suggesting that the actual infection rates may be significantly higher. In a previous hospital-based study in Vellore, we that found that PCR (15.2%) identified more than 3 times the number of cases of cryptosporidial diarrhea than microscopy (4.4%) (2). The aim of the present study was to identify the Cryptosporidium species and Cpgp40/15 subgenotypes associated with cryptosporidial diarrhea in hospitalized children from 3 centers in the country, since no studies have examined cryptosporidiosis using the...

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High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea.

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Parvum among Children in Iraq

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil

Multisite Study of Cryptosporidiosis in Children with Diarrhea in India

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