High Prevalence of bla _CTX-M-1 /IncI1/ST3 and bla _CMY-2 /IncI1/ST2 Plasmids in Healthy Urban Dogs in France

Abstract

bIn the community, close contacts between humans and dogs may promote the transfer of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase/ plasmidic AmpC cephalosporinase (ESBL/pAmpC) genes. Large-scale prevalence studies on ESBL/pAmpC carriage in dogs are rare, and data on ESBL/pAmpC plasmids are even more limited. Here, a considerable rate of 18.5% ESBL/pAmpC carriers was found among 368 unrelated healthy dogs in Paris, France. This prevalence is much higher than the one found in healthy humans in the same city (6%) but close to that recently reported in dogs in China (24.5%). All isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, except one Salmonella enterica and one Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. The sequence type 131 (ST131) clone was rare (2/73 isolates). Interestingly, two plasmids (bla CTX-M-1 /IncI1/ST3 and bla CMY-2 /IncI1/ST2) were unexpectedly highly predominant, raising the question of their successful spread. Considering that CTX-M-1 was recently found to be equally as abundant as CTX-M-15 in healthy Parisian subjects, the question of dogs being a CTX-M-1 reservoir for humans is open. Such a high prevalence of the bla CMY-2 /IncI1/ST2 plasmid may result from the use of cephalexin in veterinary medicine, as previously demonstrated experimentally. In all, our study points out healthy urban dogs as a potential source of ESBL/pAmpC genes that can further disseminate to the human community.

Molecular characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Escherichia coli isolated from dogs

“…Consistent with other studies [8,11,30], isolates (n = 10) displaying an ESBL phenotype could also be collected from healthy animals. Although the inclusion criteria comprised the absence of antimicrobial administrations in the preceding four months, the lack of information about each animal's medical history, namely antibiotic treatments prior to that period, precludes the study of how these variables influenced the resistance selection.…”

“…Most of the current scientific literature reporting the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in animals has focused on production animals (cattle, swine, rabbits) and wild animals (gulls and birds of prey) [6,7]. However, recent corresponding studies focusing on companion animals have started to be performed [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Since dogs and cats are kept in close contact with their owners, silent within-household transmission of resistant bacteria and resistance genes may occur in either direction by direct contact or, indirectly, through household surfaces and objects contaminated by feces, oral secretions or urine [3,14,15].…”

Host-Specific Patterns of Genetic Diversity among IncI1-Iγ and IncK Plasmids Encoding CMY-2 β-Lactamase in Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans, Poultry Meat, Poultry, and Dogs in Denmark

“…Thus, these isolates are not easily available in Denmark. Continuous monitoring is warranted in consideration of the occurrence of these bacteria as contaminants in poultry products and as commensals in dogs (11,33). In this respect, our study provides useful baseline data that will enable future studies to assess whether the exposure of humans to bla CMY-2 of poultry origin will result in an increase in the frequency of this ␤-lactam resistance determinant in human clinical isolates.…”

“…On the other hand, CMY-2-encoding plasmids identified in Danish dogs and Danish poultry showed limited diversity within the respective host species. The majority (n ϭ 12; 71%) of canine isolates harbored bla CMY-2 on IncI1-I␥/ST2 plasmids, also a predominant plasmid type in E. coli isolates from healthy dogs in France (33). This finding differs from reports of bla CMY-2 on a broad variety of plasmid types in canine isolates from the United States, Italy, and South Korea (16,28,34), highlighting geographical differences in regard to the plasmid vectors carrying bla CMY-2 in E. coli of canine origin.…”

Resisting the resistance. Is there progress in maintaining antimicrobial efficacy?

“…For example, in the Netherlands, there was an increase from 0.9% in 2004 to 7% in data published in 2016. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Vanessa Schmidt concluded that MDR strains were common in the population studied. It is increasingly important to obtain bacterial cultures before treatment.…”