High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Black population of Cape Town: The Cardiovascular Risk in Black South Africans (CRIBSA) study

Peer, Nasheeta; Lombard, Carl; Steyn, Krisela; Levitt, Naomi

doi:10.1177/2047487314549744

Cited by 44 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although, the level of risk varies between population groups, recent data suggest that WC is a better correlate of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation than waist–hip ratio22 and body mass index 23. In our findings, more than half of the participants had increased WC, of whom >90% were females, which mirrors the reports from similar settings in the South African region 24. More than one-third of the participants were overweight, and a similar proportion of individuals were obese, with females being significantly affected.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Expanded Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

Omech¹,

Tshikuka²,

Mwita³

et al. 2016

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BackgroundLow- and middle-income countries, including Botswana, are facing rising prevalence of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic complications. Very little information is known about clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the outpatient setting during routine visits. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome among the general outpatients’ attendances in Botswana.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2014 involving outpatients aged ≥20 years without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A precoded questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ sociodemographics, risk factors, and anthropometric indices. Fasting blood samples were drawn and analyzed for glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was assessed using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.ResultsIn total, 291 participants were analyzed, of whom 216 (74.2%) were females. The mean age of the total population was 50.1 (±11) years. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.1% (n=79), with no significant difference between the sexes (female =29.6%, males =20%, P=0.11). A triad of central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure constituted the largest proportion (38 [13.1%]) of cases of metabolic syndrome, followed by a combination of low high-density lipoprotein, elevated triglycerides, central obesity, and elevated blood pressure, with 17 (5.8%) cases. Independent determinants of metabolic syndrome were antihypertensive use and increased waist circumference.ConclusionMetabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general medical outpatients clinics. Proactive approaches are needed to screen and manage cases targeting its most important predictors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Expanded Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

Omech¹,

Tshikuka²,

Mwita³

et al. 2016

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“…The MetS prevalence in this study was within the range of 17–46% published in the general population internationally [18–20] and locally [21, 22]. Studies on the epidemiology of MetS in South Africa have provided the prevalent rates of 30.7% in urban black residents of Cape Town [22] and 26.5% in black adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal with the JIS criteria [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Studies on the epidemiology of MetS in South Africa have provided the prevalent rates of 30.7% in urban black residents of Cape Town [22] and 26.5% in black adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal with the JIS criteria [21]. Using the JIS, IDF, and ATPIII 2001 criteria, and in a much older (mean age of 51 years) and highly obese urban colored population in Cape Town, Erasmus and coworkers found MetS prevalence of 62%, 60.6%, and 55.4%, respectively [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Assessment of the Prevalence and the Agreement between Diagnostic Criteria

Nguyen

Peer

Villiers

et al. 2017

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Objectives. We determined metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence and assessed the agreement between different diagnostic criteria in HIV-infected South Africans. Method. A random sample included 748 HIV-infected adult patients (79% women) across 17 HIV healthcare facilities in the Western Cape Province. MetS was defined using the Joint Interim Statement (JIS 2009), International Diabetes Federation (IDF 2005), and Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII 2005) criteria. Results. Median values were 38 years (age), 5 years (diagnosed HIV duration), and 392 cells/mm3 (CD4 count), and 93% of the participants were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). MetS prevalence was 28.2% (95%CI: 25–31.4), 26.5% (23.3–29.6), and 24.1% (21–27.1) by the JIS, IDF, and ATPIII 2005 criteria, respectively. Prevalence was always higher in women than in men (all p < 0.001), in participants with longer duration of diagnosed HIV (all p ≤ 0.003), and in ART users not receiving 1st-line regimens (all p ≤ 0.039). The agreement among the three criteria was very good overall and in most subgroups (all kappa ≥ 0.81). Conclusions. The three most popular diagnostic criteria yielded similarly high MetS prevalence in this relatively young population receiving care for HIV infection. Very good levels of agreement between criteria are unaffected by some HIV-specific features highlighting the likely comparable diagnostic utility of those criteria in routine HIV care settings.

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“…1,2 This has resulted in an increasing presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Black South African women, [2][3][4] comparable to results found through studies of other African women, 2,5 and higher than most developing Asian countries and developed European countries (Table 1). 6 Most African countries have a higher prevalence of MetS in women than men (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Review: Metabolic Syndrome in Black South African Women

Gradidge

Crowther

2017

Ethn Dis

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The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in African populations, and is particularly high in Black South African women (42%) vs women in the United Kingdom (23%) and the United States of America (36%). This population group is also known to have the highest prevalence of obesity in the sub-Saharan African region (42%), and consequently, a high risk of non-communicable diseases. In this article, we discuss factors (abdominal subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, lean mass, adiponectin, leptin, vitamin D, smoking and menopausal status) that have been investigated for their possible association with metabolic syndrome in African women, and discuss some recommendations for management of the syndrome. In particular, the infrastructural development of HIV/AIDS clinics in South Africa provides an ideal integrated platform to cater to the treatment needs of patients with multiple chronic morbidities. Ethn Dis. 2017(27):189-200; doi:10.18865/ed.27.2.189

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High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Black population of Cape Town: The Cardiovascular Risk in Black South Africans (CRIBSA) study

Abstract: The high metabolic syndrome prevalence underscores the frequent clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, the need to determine other risk factors, if a single risk factor is present, and the need for comprehensive integrated approaches to tackle cardiovascular disease.

Cited by 44 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Expanded Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Expanded Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Assessment of the Prevalence and the Agreement between Diagnostic Criteria

Review: Metabolic Syndrome in Black South African Women

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