High purity galacto-oligosaccharides enhance specific Bifidobacterium species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome

Monteagudo-Mera, Andrea; Arthur, Janelle C.; Jobin, Christian; Keku, Temitope O.; Bruno-Bárcena, José M.; Azcarate‐Peril, M. Andrea

doi:10.3920/bm2015.0114

Cited by 97 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…We used the Fluidigm BioMark HD 192.24 Integrated Fluidics Chip (Fluidigm Corporation) for high-throughput qPCR experiments to detect specific Bifidobacterium species genes, as previously described (39). (For further information, see SI Materials and Methods.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Azcárate-Peril

Ritter²,

Savaiano

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

131

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Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified (>95%) short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), designated "RP-G28," significantly improved clinical outcomes for lactose digestion and tolerance. In these individuals, stool samples were collected pretreatment (day 0), after GOS treatment (day 36), and 30 d after GOS feeding stopped and consumption of dairy products was encouraged (day 66). In this study, changes in the fecal microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. At day 36, bifidobacterial populations were increased in 27 of 30 of GOS subjects (90%), demonstrating a bifidogenic response in vivo. Relative abundance of lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in response to GOS. When dairy was introduced into the diet, lactosefermenting Roseburia species increased from day 36 to day 66. The results indicated a definitive change in the fecal microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals, increasing the abundance of lactosemetabolizing bacteria that were responsive to dietary adaptation to GOS. This change correlated with clinical outcomes of improved lactose tolerance.A limited ability to digest lactose occurs when the intestinal lactase enzyme is reduced in the brush border of the small bowel mucosa. Consumption of dairy foods by lactose-intolerant individuals may result in clinical symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and abdominal cramping. In these cases, lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and is fermented in the colon, producing acetate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and methane by gas-producing microbes. Approximately 75% of the global human population are lactose maladsorbers (1, 2). In the United States, it is estimated that up to 80 million Americans are at risk for lactose intolerance.Efforts to address lactose intolerance include avoidance of dairy foods, reduction in the lactose content of milk through treatment with microbial lactases, and the use of lactase enzymes to process milk before dairy consumption (3). Savaiano et al. conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebocontrolled study at two sites in the United States (4). A high purity (>95%) galactooligosaccharide (GOS/RP-G28) or a placebo (Sweetose; Tate & Lyle Ingredients) was administered in increasing doses to 62 lactose-intolerant subjects for 36 d. Subjects refrained from consuming lactose during the GOS treatment period. After GOS treatment, subjects reintroduced dairy products into their diets for an additional 30 d and then were challenged for lactose digestion and were evaluated for symptoms improvement via a Likert scale. Subjects consuming GOS trended toward improvement in overall symptoms after 36 d of ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Azcárate-Peril

Ritter²,

Savaiano

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

131

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“…This vast metabolic potential allows for the breakdown of indigestible compounds into components that may be utilized by the host or by other microbes [79, 84]. For example, dietary galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) promote growth of Bifidobacterium and other beneficial bacteria by selective fermentation by gut microbes [85-87]. As the information regarding prebiotic modulation of the gut microbiota becomes more readily available, new prebiotic compounds will undoubtedly arise with specific modulatory functions.…”

Section: Advancements In Gut Microbiome Modulation and Host Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Novel methods for selective microbiome modulation, including antibiotic treatment [93], bacteriophage therapy [94-96], dietary supplementation [87], fecal microbiota transplantation [66, 97], and probiotic microbial interventions [88] all provide opportunities to specifically control the composition and/or function of the gut microbial community (Box 3).…”

Section: Advancements In Gut Microbiome Modulation and Host Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteriophage-mediated culling of specific members of the microbiota may alter microbial composition and free previously occupied niches for novel colonization [95]. Conversely, dietary prebiotic supplementation promotes growth of beneficial microbes, allowing them to survive and colonize their host better than others within the community[63, 87, 120]. Probiotic modulation often combines these two mechanisms, both promoting growth of beneficial microbes and selecting against microbes that may be detrimental to the host [88, 90].…”

Section: Figure Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Technologies for Gut Microbiome Research

Arnold

Roach

Azcárate-Peril

2016

Trends in Microbiology

167

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Understanding the importance of the gut microbiome on modulation of host health has become a subject of great interest for researchers across disciplines. As an intrinsically multidisciplinary field, microbiome research has been able to reap the benefits of technological advancements in systems and synthetic biology, biomaterials engineering, and traditional microbiology. Gut microbiome research has been revolutionized by high-throughput sequencing technology, permitting compositional and functional analyses that were previously an unrealistic undertaking. Emerging technologies including engineered organoids derived from human stem cells, high-throughput culturing, and microfluidics assays allowing for the introduction of novel approaches will improve the efficiency and quality of microbiome research. Here, we will discuss emerging technologies and their potential impact on gut microbiome studies.

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“…GOS intake positively affects mouse intestinal flora, especially the amount of Bifidobacterium [14]. BGS has a similar intestinal regulatory effect [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Enteral Formula Containing Fermented Milk Products and Prebiotics Promotes Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion via Short Chain Fatty Acid Signaling

Kume¹,

Okazaki²,

Yamamoto³

et al. 2018

J Nutr Food Sci

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An enteral formula containing fermented milk products and prebiotics (prebiotic formula, PF) is known to promote the proliferation of Bifidobacterium and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in humans and rats. We studied the effect of PF on the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the involvement of SCFAs in this process, using the knockout (KO) mice for the SCFA receptors G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43). Wild type (WT) or KO mice were fed either a standard formula (SF) or PF for two weeks, and then were orally administered either PF or SF after overnight fasting and dissected after 0, 30, 60, and 240 minutes. Blood GLP-1 and glucose levels were measured (Experiment 1). Alternatively, mice fed SF or PF for two weeks were dissected after four hours of fasting, and their blood GLP-1 and cecal SCFAs levels were measured (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, WT and GPR43KO mice showed a significant increase in GLP-1 concentration 30 and/or 60 minutes after formula administration in the PF group compared with that in the SF group. Similarly, WT and GPR43KO mice showed a significant suppression of the increase in glucose levels after formula administration in the PF group compared with that in the SF group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in GLP-1 concentration or blood glucose levels between the two treatment groups in GPR41KO mice. In Experiment 2, there was a significant increase in cecal SCFA levels in the PF group compared with that in the SF group for all mice, as well as an increase in GLP-1 concentration. PF promotes GLP-1 secretion and SCFAs might contribute to the GLP-1 secretion that occurs directly after ingestion, through GPR41 signal transduction.

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High purity galacto-oligosaccharides enhance specific Bifidobacterium species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome

Cited by 97 publications

References 91 publications

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals

Emerging Technologies for Gut Microbiome Research

An Enteral Formula Containing Fermented Milk Products and Prebiotics Promotes Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion via Short Chain Fatty Acid Signaling

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