High-Purity Preparation of Enzyme Transformed Trans-Crocetin Reclaimed from Gardenia Fruit Waste

Abstract

The recovery of physiologically bioactive ingredients from agricultural wastes as an abundant and low-cost source for the production of high value-added mutraceuticlas has been recognized and supported for the commercial interests and sustainable managements. In the extraction of geniposide for the development of natural food colorants from the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae, the gardenia fruit waste (GFW) still remaining 0.86% (w/w) of crocins has always been discarded without any further treatments Until now, there was no simple and effective protocol for high-purity trans-crocein (TC) preparation without the coexistence of non-biologically active cis-crocein from GFW. We proposed an effective process to obtain the compound as follows. Crocins were extracted firstly by 50% of ethanol in the highest yield of 8.61 mg/g (w/w) from GFW. After the HPD-100 column fractionation in the collecting of crocins, the conversion ratio of 75% of crocins to crocetins can be obtained from the commercial available enzyme- Celluclast® 1.5 L. The crocins hydrolyzed products, were then separated through the HPD-100 resin adsorption and finally purified with the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in single-step to obtain TC in a purity of 96.76 ± 0.17%. Conclusively, the effective enzyme transformation and purification co-operated with CPC technologies on crocins resulted in a high purity product of TC may be highly application in the commercial production.

Health oil preparation from gardenia seeds by aqueous enzymatic extraction combined with puffing pre-treatment and its properties analysis

“…The whole gardenia fruit contained moisture of 5.53 ± 0.19%, crude fat of 19.99 ± 0.92%, crude protein of 9.97 ± 0.58%, cellulose of 14.11 ± 0.57%, pectin of 14.29 ± 0.57%, geniposide of 6.32 ± 0.17% and crocin of 9.56 ± 0.13%. The nutritional composition was similar with those reported by Chyau et al (2022). After the removal of shell, the contents of moisture, fat, protein, geniposide and crocin in gardenia seed were increased to 6.04 ± 0.14%, 24.92 ± 0.06%, 11.79 ± 0.16%, 7.68 ± 0.06%, and 10.45 ± 0.07%, while cellulose and pectin decreased to 11.93 ± 0.29% and 11.74 ± 0.24%, indicating that the lipids, geniposide and crocin tend to be enriched in the gardenia seeds, the peel is abundant of cellulose and pectin.…”

“…Various physiological function has been reported, including anti-in ammatory, antioxidant properties, anti-hypertension, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemia, neuroprotection and hepatoprotection. Furthermore, the crude fat content takes up nearly 20% of the dried fruit, and its oil level is equivalent to that of soybean, which can be applied to oil production (Chyau et al, 2022;Yin and Liu, 2018). According to previous study, gardenia oil containing plenty of Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid and linoleic acid, which exhibits pharmacological effects on regulating blood pressure, body fat metabolism, and reducing serum cholesterol (Cai et al, 2015).…”

Research Progress in Heterologous Crocin Production

“…By precisely controlling the glycosylation time course, a high concentration of crocin with a specific degree of glycosylation can be obtained. Further optimization of gardenia UGTs may provide a valuable tool for the industrial production of crocin [126]. At the same time, Pu et al also found that the glucose content in the culture environment is one of the key factors for obtaining crocin.…”

A countercurrent chromatography solvent system based on deep eutectic solvents for separation of cis‐ and trans‐crocetin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

“…However, the excessive separation time (450 min) caused partial conversion of the trans-crocetin, resulting in only 85% purity. Chyau et al [18] also employed CPC for the high-purity preparation of enzyme-transformed trans-crocetin. However, before the crude sample was loaded into the CPC system, it needed to be prepurified by the macroporous resin (HPD-100).…”

“…Chyau et al. [18] also employed CPC for the high‐purity preparation of enzyme‐transformed trans ‐crocetin. However, before the crude sample was loaded into the CPC system, it needed to be prepurified by the macroporous resin (HPD‐100).…”