High-Q WGM Resonators Encapsulated in PDMS for Highly Sensitive Displacement Detection

Liao, Jie; Qavi, Abraham J.; Adolphson, Maxwell; Yang, Lan

doi:10.1109/jlt.2022.3182627

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…As shown in Fig. 1 (a), the optical absorption of PDMS is much lower, making it potentially suitable as a packaging material for high-Q devices 27 . Another important optical property is refractive index contrast.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible polymer packaged high-Q WGM resonators for displacement detection

Liao

Qavi

Adolphson

et al. 2023

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXVII

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Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) sensors provide high sensitivity, high resolution, small footprint, and resistance to electromagnetic interference, making them a great option for displacement sensing. An efficient method of coupling light into and out of WGM resonators is through the use of tapered tapers, but their instability can be a limitation in practical applications. Conventional packaging methods for WGM resonators use UV-curable polymers with low refractive indices to improve robustness, but their rigidity can make them less suitable for displacement sensing. Additionally, their high cost, potential toxicity and the interference from ambient moisture pose a critical issue. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative method of packaging WGM devices using non-toxic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The Q-factor of 10 7 is achieved at the 780 nm band. The PDMS packaging technique not only improves the robustness and compactness of the WGM device, but also enhances humidity resistance significantly. By take advantages of the unique flexibility of PDMS, we demonstrate displacement detection with a high sensitivity of ~0.1 pm/µm and a detection limit of 600 nm.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible polymer packaged high-Q WGM resonators for displacement detection

Liao

Qavi

Adolphson

et al. 2023

Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXVII

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“…PDMS is usually cured at room temperature for 1 day or in moderate temperature (∼60–80 °C) for 30 min. It is optically transparent and flexible and is easy to handle . For biosensing purposes, its hydrophobicity is an issue and needs to be decreased, as silicones can be difficult to integrate with other substances because of their low surface energy.…”

Section: Surface Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WGMs with a high-quality factor are also better suited for molecular detection as it is easier to resolve smaller shifts when the line width is narrower. A few common sensing applications that use mode shifting for detection include displacement, 80 temperature, 81 and biomolecule binding, 82 among others.…”

Section: Acs Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is optically transparent and flexible and is easy to handle. 163 For biosensing purposes, its hydrophobicity is an issue and needs to be decreased, as silicones can be difficult to integrate with other substances because of their low surface energy. To create a hydrophilic surface, polar groups need to be added by using a plasma or UV treatment.…”

Section: ■ Surface Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators to Biochemical Sensors

et al. 2023

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Optical biosensors are frontrunners for the rapid and real-time detection of analytes, particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have recently attracted a growing focus due to their robust optomechanical features and high sensitivity, measuring down to single binding events in small volumes. In this review, we provide a broad overview of WGM sensors along with critical advice and additional “tips and tricks” to make them more accessible to both biochemical and optical communities. Their structures, fabrication methods, materials, and surface functionalization chemistries are discussed. We propose this reflection under a pedagogical approach to describe and explain these biochemical sensors with a particular focus on the most recent achievements in the field. In addition to highlighting the advantages of WGM sensors, we also discuss and suggest strategies to overcome their current limitations, leaving room for further development as practical tools in various applications. We aim to provide new insights and combine different knowledge and perspectives to advance the development of the next generation of WGM biosensors. With their unique advantages and compatibility with different sensing modalities, these biosensors have the potential to become major game changers for biomedical and environmental monitoring, among many other relevant target applications.

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“…Two basic sensing mechanisms for displacement sensing using the WGM microcavity platform have been developed. The first, the resonance shift mechanism [18,19], is achieved based on the shift of resonance in the frequency domain. For this mechanism, WGM resonances with extremely narrow linewidth (very high Q) are highly sensitive to extremely small morphology change of resonator (shape, size, or refractive index), which generates a resonance shift in frequency domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-range and high-sensitivity displacement sensing based on a SNAP microresonator by multimode encoding technique

Dong

Zeng

Wang

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Probe-type micro-displacement sensors with a large range and high sensitivity have important applications in both aerospace and nano-lithography. However, the state-of-the-art measurement range achieved using conventional methods such as CCD imaging and fiber grating demodulation is limited to only tens of micrometers. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a displacement sensing mechanism with a large range and high sensitivity for measuring linear displacements. The mechanism is based on a multimode encoding technique implemented on a Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) microcavity platform. By tracking the transmittance variations of multiple axial modes and employing encoding techniques, we can determine the rough absolute position as well as the axial mode with the highest sensitivity in each region. Moreover, the selected mode for each region is exploited to accurately measure the micro-displacement with a large range and high accuracy. As a proof-of-principle experiment, the results indicate a large sensing range about 346 μm and a high sensitivity ranging up to 0.013/μm. Assuming that the transmittance can be resolved by 0.1%, the resolution of the measurement is about 0.1 μm.

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High-Q WGM Resonators Encapsulated in PDMS for Highly Sensitive Displacement Detection

Cited by 12 publications

References 47 publications

Flexible polymer packaged high-Q WGM resonators for displacement detection

Flexible polymer packaged high-Q WGM resonators for displacement detection

From Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators to Biochemical Sensors

Large-range and high-sensitivity displacement sensing based on a SNAP microresonator by multimode encoding technique

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