“…The success of this approach and similar approaches requires co-alignment of the optical axes for multiple lenses, and if the alignment procedures are not properly executed, coma and trefoil may be present and affect the quality of the SPR results, and yet only manifest in specialized analyses (Uhlemann & Haider, 1998;Mastronarde, 2005;Suloway et al, 2005;Cheng et al, 2018;Zivanov et al, 2020). Furthermore, these and additional, higher order antisymmetric aberrations are induced when data are acquired using the beam-image shift method (Mastronarde, 2005;Suloway et al, 2005;Cheng et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2019), in which coordinated electronic shifts of an illuminating beam and an image are used to navigate away from the optical axis. We restrict our discussion here to axial aberrations, but with the understanding that these aberrations will have different values in different positions of an optical system for data acquired with the beam-image shift method, except for coma, which can be compensated for by the beam tilt (Wu et al, 2019;Glaeser et al, 2011).…”