Evidence for health disparities has been reported around the world. One of the intermediate factors between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is diet/ nutrition. Many studies report socioeconomically disadvantaged people have more risk of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases than others in western society (1). There is a review of social class and diet quality in western society. This review demonstrate whole grains, lean meats, fish, low-fat dairy products, and fresh vegetables and fruits are more to be consumed by high SES groups, and refined grains and added fats has been associated with lower SES. Micronutrient intake is affected by SES, but little evidence indicates that SES affects either energy intake or the macronutrient composition of the diet (2). In contrast, there is not enough evidence of a consistent relationship between SES and nutrition in Asian countries at present and no review paper. The present status of nutrition disparities in Asia is considered to vary with the economic level of the country. In this mini review, some studies of the effects of SES on nutrition/diet in Asia are introduced and future study on nutrition policy for low SES people is recommended. Nutrition disparity is defined as differences in diet and nutrition by SES in this report.
Studies of Nutrition Disparities in AsiaFor developing countries in Asia, higher SES groups have a higher prevalence of obesity among women in India and Vietnam (3). For food consumption, the proportion of monthly per capita food expenditure spent on cereals, pulses and vegetables drops and that spent on milk, dairy products, fruits, eggs, meat and fish increases, moving from low to high SES groups, in both rural and urban areas in India (4). After the initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the structure of the diet shifted to less starchy staples while protein and lipids increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the non-poor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein-and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor (5).For relatively developed countries in Asia, Korea and Japan, the relationships between SES and nutrition are the same as for western society or not. In recent years, a series of papers on SES and nutrition based on the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has been published in Korea. Significant genderspecific relationships of SES with obesity and BMI were observed. In men, income, but not education, showed a slightly positive association with BMI. In women, education, but not income, was inversely associated with both obesity and BMI (6). There was no statistical difference in prevalence of underweight by SES (7). Low income was associated with iron deficiency anemia (8). For food consumption, both men and women, in the low-education group had the lowest intake of fruits and vegetables (9).Few studies have been done on SES and nutrition in Japan. It is very difficult to ask about SES in Japan, and
Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Nutrition ...