“…Several therapeutics for cancer, pain and infectious diseases have been successfully developed based on nanoparticles (particles with size range from 1 nm to 1000 nm), 1 including metal nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, as well as polymeric nanoparticles. 1–4 Nanoparticles have been frequently studied for application in various medical setting, including drug delivery, 5 targeted therapy, 6 , 7 imaging enhancement, 8 and early detection of disease. 9 To construct effective nanoparticle systems for biomedical applications, the nanoparticle surface characteristics and the interactions with biological systems need to be thoroughly characterized and tested.…”