High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Reactive Dye Derivatives Removed from Biodegraded Dyed Cotton by Chemical and Enzymatic Methods

Abstract

<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine and characterize the biodegradation of reactive dyes on cotton jersey fabrics buried in soil. Four commonly-used reactive dyes, C. I. Reactive Black 5 (RBlk5), C. I. Reactive Red 198 (RR198), C. I. Reactive Blue 49 (RB49), and C. I. Reactive Orange 35 (RO35), were used in this study. Degradation products were characterized and proposed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A chemical method and an enzymatic digestion were developed and used to remove the reactive dye from the control and degraded cotton fabrics. Hydrolyzed reactive dyes and reactive dyes having cellobiose units were synthesized and used as standards for comparison in this study. The possible degradation mechanism pathways of the reactive dyes bonded to cotton fabrics depends on the chemical structure of each dye.</jats:p>

The Identification of Cotton Fibers Dyed with Reactive Dyes for Forensic Purposes

“…Table 2 shows the extraction procedure for the isolation of reactive dyes from dyed cotton, which has been described in the literature [ 3 , 14 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

“…Method No. 10—The authors used two methods for the extraction of reactive dyes from fabrics: chemical and enzymatic digestion [ 39 ]. Before chemical treatment, the textiles were washed with 2 mL of water, 2 mL of methanol, and 2 mL of acetonitrile (three times with each solvent) in order to remove impurities.…”

“…The vial was tightly closed and placed in a shaking bath for 24 h at 50 °C. Finally, the vial was sonicated for 30 s. Next, the extract was filtered and transferred to an HPLC vial [ 39 ].…”

Characterization of synthetic dyes for environmental and forensic assessments: A chromatography and mass spectrometry approach

“…Next, the cotton fibers are treated with a cellulase solution to break the covalent bonds between dyes and fibers. Once the enzymatic treatment is done, the reactive dyes are commonly bonded to a cellobiose unit that can be analyzed by chromatography and MS [18,21,22].…”

“…Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) could have multiple types of degradation pathways depending if it is found in fabrics or soil after degradation. [20,22,37]. Figure 7 shows a diagram explaining the process of characterization of the degradation products of synthetic dyes from different matrices.…”