High-resolution provenance determination of construction-stone: A preliminary study of Corinthian oolitic limestone quarries at Examilia

Hayward, Chris

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199605)11:3<215::aid-gea2>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…P1: oolitic grainstone composed of micrometric oolites (1); P2: bioclastic grainstone with section of crinoid (2); P3: coarse-grained sandstone with pebbles (3) and shell fragments (4); P4: sandstone showing angular quartz and feldspar; P5: modern travertine and its encrusted shard; P6: red boundstone; P7: marine floatstone with shells impressions (5) and bivalves shells (6). corresponds to the lithology exploited in the Examilia quarries (Collier and Thompson, 1991;Hayward, 1996Hayward, , 2003Hayward, , 2013 (Fig. 11B) (see Fig.…”

Section: Regional Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 94%

The stones of the Sanctuary of Delphi – Northern shore of the Corinth Gulf – Greece

Vals¹,

Gastineau²,

Perrier³

et al. 2020

BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull.

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The choice of stones by the ancient Greeks to build edifices remains an open question. If the use of local materials seems generalized, allochthonous stones are usually also present but lead to obvious extra costs. The current work aims to have an exhaustive view of the origins of the stones used in the Sanctuary of Delphi. Located on the Parnassus zone, on the hanging wall of a large normal fault related to the Corinth Rift, this Apollo Sanctuary is mainly built of limestones, breccia, marbles, as well as more recent poorly consolidated sediments generally called pôros in the literature. To overpass this global view, the different lithologies employed in the archaeological site have been identified, as well as the local quarries, in order to find their origins. The different limestones are autochthons and come from the Upper Jurassic – Cretaceous carbonate platform of the Tethys Ocean involved in the Hellenides orogen. Those limestones of the Parnassus Massif constitute the majority of the rock volume in the site; a specific facies of Maastrichtian limestone called “Profitis Ilias limestone” has been used for the more prestigious edifices such as the Apollo Temple. The corresponding ancient quarry is located few kilometers west of the sanctuary. Then, slope breccia has been largely used in the sanctuary: it crops out in and around the site and is laying on top of the carbonates. Finally, the pôros appear to be very variable and seven different facies have been documented, including travertine, oolitic grainstone, marine carbonates and coarse-grained sandstones. All these recent facies exist in the south-east shore of the Gulf of Corinth, although – except for the grainstone – the quarries are not yet known.

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Section: Regional Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 94%

The stones of the Sanctuary of Delphi – Northern shore of the Corinth Gulf – Greece

Vals¹,

Gastineau²,

Perrier³

et al. 2020

BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull.

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“…At the same time, in the Corinth Isthmus area, other linear and transverse oolitic dunes have been documented (Fig. 1) (Collier and Thompson 1991;Hayward 1996Hayward , 2003Hayward , 2013 1). The age constraints imply that the linear Examilia dune is associated with the tidal dune complex FA6, and that the transverse dunes are younger (c. 240 ka).…”

Section: Corinth Isthmus Palaeogeography and The Evolution Of The Con...mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Complementary palaeogeographical information is available from the sedimentology of the Examilia dune. Its internal composition, documented by Hayward (1996), shows that its southwestern part is made up of ooids, 300 µm in diameter, without bioclasts or altered mafic rocks from the north. In contrast, its northeastern part contains heterogeneous particles, ranging from 200 to 800 µm in size, with altered mafic rocks from the north as nuclei or uncoated grain and bioclasts: bivalves and gastropods (Hayward 1996).…”

Section: Corinth Isthmus Palaeogeography and The Evolution Of The Con...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its internal composition, documented by Hayward (1996), shows that its southwestern part is made up of ooids, 300 µm in diameter, without bioclasts or altered mafic rocks from the north. In contrast, its northeastern part contains heterogeneous particles, ranging from 200 to 800 µm in size, with altered mafic rocks from the north as nuclei or uncoated grain and bioclasts: bivalves and gastropods (Hayward 1996). We suggest that the Examilia dune was built up in a shallow marine area by two sediment sources under two reverse directions of flood and ebb tidal currents (Collier and Thompson 1991).…”

Section: Corinth Isthmus Palaeogeography and The Evolution Of The Con...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratigraphic architecture, sedimentology and structure of the Middle Pleistocene Corinth Canal (Greece)

Basile¹,

Rubi²,

Hubert‐Ferrari³

2022

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The man-made Corinth canal connects the Aegean Sea with the Corinth Gulf while displaying high steep walls allowing to study the sedimentological structure of this area. A former strait naturally connecting the gulf with the Aegean Sea is assumed in this area. Therefore, this exceptionally well-exposed site could be used as an analogue to study tidal straits after the definition of its stratigraphic architecture, sedimentology and structure. To do so, we used field observations associated with a 3D model built from drone imaging. We document a strait divided in a centre zone and 2 adjacent dune-bedded strait zones The centre is an active horst where sediment bypass occurred. On both sides opposite dipping conglomeratic dunes are represented by simple and compound dune foreset architectures with multiscale asymmetric herringbones cross stratifications. These observations document a tidal strait with conglomeratic dune bedded strait zones in a micro-tidal context. These ∼300 ka strait deposits are the only one preserved in the canal area. After deposition ended, this connection faded due to regional uplift and offset of Kalamaki-Isthmia fault. This paleostrait improves our understanding of middle to late Pleistocene paleogeography and structural controls on sea connections.

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“…The selective use of stone should not be surprising since Vitruvius made references to the performance of some type of stones (Rowland and Noble Howe, 1999). Other works concerning on historical building techniques and material selection were found on the literature ( Feehan 1991;Gatt 2006;Hayward 1996;Szczepaniak et al 2008;Trevarthen 2000). In the next paragraphs, some of the reasons for this selective use, reasons based on experimental results explained, are put forward.…”

Section: Application In the Monumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Use of Stones in the Medieval Cathedral of Tarragona, Spain: Construction and Historical Reasons

Ventolà

Giráldez

Vendrell

2012

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

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Stone selection is not a random choice for builders and architects. From the Stonehenge Bluestones to Frank Lloyd Wright's "desert rubble masonry" in Taliesin West or PeterZumthor's thermal bath in Vals, the stones selected form a key part of the building's message, providing special significance for those who are aware of the selection. A clear example of this significance is the Cathedral of Tarragona, Spain. This study details the stones used in the construction of the cathedral between the 12th and 14th centuries, combining Romanesque and Gothic styles. A petrologic description was conducted for all the stones and their physical properties were measured, including thermal expansion, compressive strength, open porosity, density, and hydric expansion. These findings lead to a discussion of the reasons why certain stones were chosen.

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High-resolution provenance determination of construction-stone: A preliminary study of Corinthian oolitic limestone quarries at Examilia

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

The stones of the Sanctuary of Delphi – Northern shore of the Corinth Gulf – Greece

The stones of the Sanctuary of Delphi – Northern shore of the Corinth Gulf – Greece

Stratigraphic architecture, sedimentology and structure of the Middle Pleistocene Corinth Canal (Greece)

Selective Use of Stones in the Medieval Cathedral of Tarragona, Spain: Construction and Historical Reasons

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