High resolution transmission electron microscopy study on polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube based carbon fibers and the effect of structure development on the thermal and electrical conductivities

Newcomb, Bradley A.; Giannuzzi, Lucille A.; Lyons, Kent; Gulgunje, Prabhakar; Gupta, Kishor; Liu, Yaodong; Kamath, Manjeshwar G.; McDonald, Kenneth J.; Moon, Jaeyun; Feng, Bo; Peterson, G. P.; Chae, Han Gi; Kumar, Satish

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.037

Cited by 90 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The CNT diameter used in the current study, at 21.0 ± 3.1 nm, was significanly larger than the CNT diameter used in our previous studies, where CNT diameter was in the range from 1 to 12 nm. 19,24,56,78,79 The large CNT diameter in the current study may at least be partially responsible for the lower tensile strength of the PAN/lignin/CNT-based carbon fiber. On the other hand, the lower tensile modulus of the PAN/ lignin/CNT-based carbon fiber as compared to the PAN-and PAN/lignin-based carbon fibers was a result of lower graphitic plane orientation in the former fiber (Table 5).…”

Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 77%

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Processing, Structure, and Properties of Lignin- and CNT-Incorporated Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers

Liu

Chien

Newcomb

et al. 2015

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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148

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Composite fibers comprised of lignin, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were successfully fabricated by gel-spinning technology. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), infrared spectroscopy, and thermal characterizations were used to identify the effects of lignin and CNT on the physical structure and stabilization process of gel-spun precursor fibers. PAN, PAN/lignin, and PAN/lignin/CNT precursors have been converted to carbon fibers under identical stabilization and carbonization conditions. When carbonized at 1100°C, PAN/lignin carbon fiber exhibits comparable mechanical properties to PAN carbon fiber. Raman spectroscopy studies suggested differences between the carbon fibers when lignin and CNTs were incorporated.Carbon fibers have excellent mechanical properties and relatively low density and are therefore employed as reinforcing materials in aerospace structures, windmill blades, sport equipment, and automotive applications. With its versatility, the carbon fiber demand has been growing steadily. 1,2 Today, polyacrylonitrile PAN-based fibers are the most dominant precursor of carbon fiber, and the cost of PAN fibers contributes 30% to 50% to the carbon fiber cost. 3 Biomacromolecules have been considered as alternative precursor fiber candidates. Early carbon fibers (in the 1960s) were produced from cellulosic fibers such as rayon. However, due to relatively low properties, rayon-based carbon fibers are no longer commercially manufactured. As the byproduct of the pulp and paper industry and also the second most abundant biomacromolecule on earth, lignin has been proposed as a costeffective alternative for a carbon fiber precursor as a renewable feedstock. 4,5 However, mechanical properties of the ligninbased carbon fibers to date are relatively low, as compared to the PAN-based carbon fibers. 6−9 Lignin fibers are typically processed by melt spinning, while PAN fibers are processed from solution. 5,7 To integrate the advantages of the good mechanical performance of PAN and the cost advantage of lignin, PAN/lignin blend fibers have been spun. 10,11 However, it has been reported that incorporating lignin into polymer composites could result in lower mechanical properties. Meltextruded polyethylene and polypropylene with lignin (up to 30 wt %) exhibited lower tensile strength with increasing lignin content. 12 Melt-spun PLA/lignin fibers also showed decreasing tensile strength and modulus values when lignin content was increased up to 90 wt %. 13 Industrial feasibility of solution-spun PAN/lignin carbon fiber production was investigated by Zoltek in partnership with Weyerhaeuser under a DOE-funded program. 14,15 PAN/lignin precursor fibers with different lignin content (up to 45%), PAN molecular weights, and solution solid contents were reported. 14 Although carbon fibers up to 25 wt % lignin were in successful production to meet targeted properties, mechanical performance of composite carbon fibers were still lower than those reported for the control PAN carbon fibers due to increasing microvo...

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Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The exact influence on mechanical properties, as well as on electrical and thermal conductivity of the PAN/lignin/CNT-based carbon will depend on CNT length, diameter, and perfection, as well as on CNT dispersion in the matrix. Interaction of CNT has been shown on PAN previously 19,24,39,58,79 …”

Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing, Structure, and Properties of Lignin- and CNT-Incorporated Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers

Liu

Chien

Newcomb

et al. 2015

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

Self Cite

148

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“…Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) has wide applications in fibers for textiles and oxidant flame‐retardant fibers due to its excellent mechanical property, thermal stability, and processability . It is also one of the major precursors for carbon materials because of its relatively high carbon yield and formability . Possessing high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and stability, the PAN‐based carbon materials (fibers and films) were used in various fields such as advanced composites, electromagnetic shielding, electronics, and structural sectors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possessing high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and stability, the PAN‐based carbon materials (fibers and films) were used in various fields such as advanced composites, electromagnetic shielding, electronics, and structural sectors . The properties of carbon materials mainly depend on the carbon structure in the products . PAN usually needs a series of heat treatments including oxidative stabilization, carbonization, and graphitization to transform into PAN‐based carbon materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure evolution mechanism of polyacrylonitrile films incorporated with graphene oxide during oxidative stabilization

Chen

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Oxidative stabilization is a key process for polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon materials. During this process, oxygen has a significant influence on the formation of cyclization structure and crosslinking structure of PAN matrix. Here, graphene oxide (GO) was used as filler in PAN matrix, the structure evolution of GO/PAN composite was studied during oxidative stabilization. Solubility measurement revealed that the crosslinking degree increased, while the cyclization degree of stabilized films decreased after GO incorporation. The effect of GO on the structure of PAN film was characterized by XRD, DSC, DMA, FTIR, and XPS. These results verified that GO could initiate the cyclization reaction of PAN at a lower temperature. The carboxylic groups on GO sheets might take part in the cyclization reactions during the heat treatment. Moreover, the oxygen-containing molecules released from GO decomposition during the heat treatment were beneficial to the formation of crosslinking structure. The possible mechanism of the structure evaluation was proposed in this article.

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“…Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to outstanding electrical, thermal conductivity, unique optical, and mechanical properties, have been widely used in various fields . Especially, preparing multifunctional advanced polymer‐based composites using CNTs as a fine conductive filler has become a research hotspot . But there are two main problems that limit the electrical conductivity of CNTs–polymer composites: (i) As a conductive filler, the conductivity of most CNTs needs to be further improved; (ii) The polymer matrix, because of non‐conducting or low conducting, impedes carrier hoping between CNTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly improved conductivity of polyaniline–carbon nanotubes Composites doped by liquid bromine with a synergistic effect

2017

Polymer Composites

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In order to obtain highly conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–polymer composite materials, we prepared polyaniline wrapped carbon nanotubes composites (CNTs‐PANI) by in situ polymerization, and used three different treated methods to fabricate bromine‐doped compounds. Only with the method of liquid bromine processing could we highly improve the conductivity of composites. When treating by liquid bromine, the conductivity of 10%CNTs‐PANI significantly improved nearly 3 × 106 times, which was already near that of pure CNTs we used. Compared with pure PANI doped by bromine, we found that there was a synergistic effect in CNTs‐PANI composites between bromine and CNTs. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and heat treatment experiment, we proposed that the interaction between bromine and CNTs‐PANI had both the doped effect as a promoter and the destructive effect on the electrical conductivity. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1034–E1040, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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High resolution transmission electron microscopy study on polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube based carbon fibers and the effect of structure development on the thermal and electrical conductivities

Cited by 90 publications

References 60 publications

Processing, Structure, and Properties of Lignin- and CNT-Incorporated Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers

Processing, Structure, and Properties of Lignin- and CNT-Incorporated Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers

Structure evolution mechanism of polyacrylonitrile films incorporated with graphene oxide during oxidative stabilization

Highly improved conductivity of polyaniline–carbon nanotubes Composites doped by liquid bromine with a synergistic effect

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