“…In vacuum (2.4 × 10 −3 Torr, i.e., 0.4 Pa), the recovery time increases to several tens of minutes [13]. Numerous studies of ZnO show an enhancement in UV sensing due to doping of the material with di erent elements, including indium [5,6], vanadium [14], magnesium [15], aluminum [12,16,17], gallium [17], tin [18], manganese [19], nickel [20], and others. Di erent mechanisms have been proposed to account for these e ects.…”