High-Salt Diet and Hypertension: Focus on the Renin-Angiotensin System

Drenjančević-Perić, Ines; Jelaković, Bojan; Lombard, Julian H.; Kunert, Mary Pat; Kibel, Aleksandar; Gros, Mario

doi:10.1159/000320387

Cited by 161 publications

(157 citation statements)

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“…The RAS is a predominant homeostatic system that controls body fluid volume, electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and neuronal and endocrine functions associated with cardiovascular control (19). The RAS exerts its effects via its primary effector molecule, Ang II, which binds to specific membrane-bound Ang receptors that are located in various tissues (19,20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RAS exerts its effects via its primary effector molecule, Ang II, which binds to specific membrane-bound Ang receptors that are located in various tissues (19,20). Recent studies have revealed that Chinese herbs regulate the function of the RAS, the sympathetic vagus nerve and the immune system by inhibiting the levels of inflammatory factors (21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yiqi Huaju formula, a Chinese herbal medicine, reduces arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension by inhibiting renin-angiotensin system activation

Yang

et al. 2015

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Abstract. Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high prevalence, and is associated with a high risk of vascular disease and premature death. Traditional Chinese medicine has been administered to treat hypertension for many years. In the present study, the effects of Yiqi Huaju formula (YQ; a compound used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine) were observed in salt-sensitive hypertension, which was induced by a high-salt and high-fat (HSF) diet and the potential mechanism was investigated. YQ was prepared from five plant extracts and was dissolved in normal sodium chloride prior to use. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, and fed either a normal diet (control), an HSF diet or an HSF diet with YQ. At week eight, blood pressure was measured and 24-h urine samples were collected from all of the rats. The rats were subsequently sacrificed, and their blood was collected for biochemical analyses and kidney tissue samples were dissected for the immunohistochemical assay. YQ was observed to decrease the high arterial pressure and serum total cholesterol level, which had been induced by the HSF diet. It also enhanced the excretion of urinary angiotensinogen, Na + , and decreased the loss of urinary aldosterone, K + and microalbuminuria. In addition, YQ inhibited the high mRNA expression level of renal renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), and Ang II receptor, type 1 (AT1R), and inhibited the protein expression of renal AT1R and Ang II receptor type 2, which had been induced by the HSF diet. These results indicate that YQ may reduce the arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension via the inhibition of renin-angiotensin system activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yiqi Huaju formula, a Chinese herbal medicine, reduces arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension by inhibiting renin-angiotensin system activation

Yang

et al. 2015

Molecular Medicine Reports

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“…Certain humans, however, exhibit heightened sensitivity to salt, including a significant proportion (ϳ30%) of persons with essential hypertension (an elevation of blood pressure of unknown origin) (67). In addition to an impaired capacity of the kidney to excrete the added salt, other factors implicated in promoting essential hypertension include a salt-mediated increase in sympathoadrenal activity (41, 65), stimulation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) (13,20), and impairment of vascular endothelial function (7).Typically, experimental studies of essential hypertension utilize animal models derived from genetically modified inbred strains of rodent (12) or exploit increased dietary salt supplements in animals experiencing compromised renal function (e.g., via unilateral nephrectomy). However, in freshwater (FW) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), dietary salt loading [e.g., (59)] is capable of inducing chronic hypertension in fish experiencing otherwise normal kidney function (10, 14, 39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Perry

Ellis

Russell

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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NJ, Montpetit C. Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R811-R821, 2011. First published June 22, 2011 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00244.2011.-Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic dietary salt loading causes hypertension and a decreased sensitivity of the systemic vasculature to ␣-adrenergic stimulation and other hypertensive stimuli (e.g. hypercapnia) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This reduced sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli is consistent with a possible blunting of homeostatic responses normally aimed at raising blood pressure. To test this idea, we examined the consequences of long-term salt feeding and the associated hypertension on the interactive capacities of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and adrenergic systems to elevate blood pressure in trout. Secretion of catecholamines in response to a range of doses of homologous ANG II in vivo and in situ (using a perfused posterior cardinal vein preparation) was reduced in the salt-fed fish. The reduced sensitivity to ANG II could not be explained by alterations in stored catecholamine (adrenaline or noradrenaline) levels or the general responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to depolarizing stimuli (60 mmol/l KCl). Despite the decreased responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to ANG II, plasma catecholamines were increased to a greater extent in the salt-fed fish during acute hypoxia (a condition that activates the RAS). Interestingly, the pressor effects of ANG II in vivo were actually heightened in the salt-fed fish. The increased pressor response to exogenous ANG II was likely attributable to its direct interaction with vascular ANG II receptors because the effect persisted even after blockade of ␣-adrenergic receptors. Treating fish with the vascular smooth muscle relaxant papaverine caused similar reductions in blood pressure and increases in plasma ANG II levels regardless of diet. Similarly, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with lisinopril reduced blood pressure equally in control and salt-fed fish. These results indicate that, while long-term dietary salt loading blunts the response of trout chromaffin cells to ANG II, the RAS itself appears to be unaffected. Indeed, the capacity of ANG II to elevate blood pressure is not compromised nor do fish exhibit a reduced capacity to mount an acute humoral adrenergic stress response during acute hypoxia. high dietary salt; hypertension; catecholamines; chromaffin cells; angiotensin II; hypoxia; control of blood pressure ALTHOUGH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies (21) have revealed a significant correlation between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in humans, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly identified (for reviews see Refs. 6 and 30). In most individuals, the vascular volume expansion associated with moderately increased levels of ingested salt is restored rapidly by increased urine production, and thus the related increases in blood pressur...

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“…Skorije studije na eksperimentalnim životinjama ukazale su na ključni značaj mutacija renin gena i drugih gena odgovornih za kodiranje RAS (renin-anitotenzin sistem) u so zavisnim hipertenzijama (91 Jedan od vodećih zaključaka do kojih su došli istraživači okupljeni oko INTERSALT studije je da uporedo sa starenjem, dolazi do porasta vrednosti krvnog pritiska, ali samo u populacijama sa visokim unosom soli (2). Tada je uočen izuzetak iz ovog pravila među pripadnicima amazonskog plemena Janomano indijanaca kod kojih nije došlo do porasta vrednosti krvnog pritiska sa starenjem, ali je unos soli bio svega oko 1 gram dnevno (2,94).…”

Section: Hipertenzija I Unos Soliunclassified

Salt intake in a sample of adult population of Novi Sad

Popović¹

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High-Salt Diet and Hypertension: Focus on the Renin-Angiotensin System

Cited by 161 publications

References 199 publications

Yiqi Huaju formula, a Chinese herbal medicine, reduces arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension by inhibiting renin-angiotensin system activation

Yiqi Huaju formula, a Chinese herbal medicine, reduces arterial pressure in salt-sensitive hypertension by inhibiting renin-angiotensin system activation

Effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Salt intake in a sample of adult population of Novi Sad

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