High-salt diet suppresses autoimmune demyelination by regulating the blood–brain barrier permeability

Na, Shin-Young; Janakiraman, Mathangi; Leliavski, Alexei; Krishnamoorthy, Gurumoorthy

doi:10.1073/pnas.2025944118

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, in pediatric onset MS, no associations between salt intake and pediatric onset MS risk or time to relapses were found. [46][47][48][49][50][51][52] Th, T helper cells; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; TJ, tight junctions.…”

Section: Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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Studies on the role of nutritional factors and physical activity (PA) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) go back a long time. Despite the intrinsic difficulty of studying their positive or negative role in MS, the interest of researchers on these topics increased during the last few decades, since the role of diet has been investigated with the perspective of the association with disease-modifying drugs (DMD). The association of DMD, diets, and PA might have an additive effect in modifying disease severity. Among the various diets investigated (low-carbohydrate, gluten-free, Mediterranean, low-fat, fasting-mimicking, and Western diets) only low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and fast-mimicking diets have shown both in animal models and in humans a positive effect on MS course and in patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, the Mediterranean diet is easier to be maintained compared to fast-mimicking and low-carbohydrate diets, which may lead to detrimental side effects requiring careful clinical monitoring. Conversely, the Western diet, which is characterized by a high intake of highly saturated fats and carbohydrates, may lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory immune pathways and is therefore not recommended. PA showed a positive effect both in animal models as well as on disease course and PROs in humans. Training with combined exercises is considered the more effective approach.

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Section: Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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“…Excessive daily salt intake is closely related to diseases such as hypertension, calcium loss, and kidney diseases [27,28]. Therefore, the daily salt intake recommended by the WHO is less than 5 g. Whether the intake of iodized salt increases the risk of thyroid nodules and the risk of thyroid cancer remains controversial in academia [29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study

Wang

Zhi-hen

et al. 2021

BMC Cancer

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Background Currently, whether daily excess iodized salt intake increases the risk of thyroid nodules and even thyroid cancer remains controversial. Our research group aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical guidance of daily iodized salt intake and the prevention of thyroid nodules through a retrospective analysis of the correlation between daily iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Hunan, China. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the data of subjects who underwent a physical examination at the Health Management Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019. Subjects enrolled in this study underwent thyroid ultrasonography and tests to urine routines and liver and kidney function, and all subjects completed a questionnaire survey. The daily iodized salt intake of the study subjects was estimated based on spot urine methods (Tanaka). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between daily iodized salt intake and thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Results Among the 51,637 subjects included in this study, the prevalence of thyroid nodules was 40.25%, and the prevalence of thyroid cancer was 0.76%; among all enrolled subjects, only 3.59% had a daily iodized salt intake less than 5 g. In addition, we found that a daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt was not only an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules (odds ratio (OR): 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86–2.31, p < 0.001) but also an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid cancer (OR: 5.81, 95% CI: 1.44–23.42, p = 0.012). A pooled analysis showed a significantly higher risk of thyroid nodules in subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to subjects aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 4.88, 95% CI: 4.29–5.54, p < 0.001); the risk of thyroid cancer was not significantly different between subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g and those aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 0.52–8.95, p = 0.281). The risk of thyroid nodules was not increased in physically active subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to physically inactive subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.97–1.28, p = 0.111). The same protective effect of physical activity was observed for thyroid cancer in subjects whose daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g. The risk of thyroid nodules was reduced for subjects with an education level of postgraduate and above, even when the daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g, compared to those with high school education and below and a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.93, p = 0.005); however, a protective effect of education level on the occurrence of thyroid cancer was not observed. Independent risk factors affecting daily iodized salt intake greater than 5 g included age, triglycerides, family history of tumors, physical activity, and marital status. Conclusions Daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt increased the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, while increased physical activity and education level reduced the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer caused by iodized salt intake.

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“…Together, these results demonstrate an anti-inflammatory impact of NaCl on Th17 cell functionality. This protective effect of NaCl in autoimmunity has recently been further supported with a high-salt diet in a spontaneous mouse model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity [ 51 ].…”

Section: The++ Role Of Ionic Signals In Th17 Cell Development and Th17 Cell Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of T Cell Responses by Ionic Salt Signals

Zielinski

2021

Cells

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T helper cell responses are tailored to their respective antigens and adapted to their specific tissue microenvironment. While a great proportion of T cells acquire a resident identity, a significant proportion of T cells continue circulating, thus encountering changing microenvironmental signals during immune surveillance. One signal, which has previously been largely overlooked, is sodium chloride. It has been proposed to have potent effects on T cell responses in the context of autoimmune, allergic and infectious tissue inflammation in mouse models and humans. Sodium chloride is stringently regulated in the blood by the kidneys but displays differential deposition patterns in peripheral tissues. Sodium chloride accumulation might furthermore be regulated by dietary intake and thus by intentional behavior. Together, these results make sodium chloride an interesting but still controversial signal for immune modulation. Its downstream cellular activities represent a potential therapeutic target given its effects on T cell cytokine production. In this review article, we provide an overview and critical evaluation of the impact of this ionic signal on T helper cell polarization and T helper cell effector functions. In addition, the impact of sodium chloride from the tissue microenvironment is assessed for human health and disease and for its therapeutic potential.

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High-salt diet suppresses autoimmune demyelination by regulating the blood–brain barrier permeability

Cited by 29 publications

References 39 publications

The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review

The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review

Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study

Regulation of T Cell Responses by Ionic Salt Signals

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