High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020

Hamner, Lea; Dubbel, Polly; Capron, Ian; Ross, Andy; Jordan, Amber; Lee, Jaxon; Lynn, Joanne; Ball, Amelia; Narwal, Simranjit; Russell, Sam; Patrick, Dale R.; Leibrand, Howard

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e6

Cited by 677 publications

(691 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…At the end of the practice, they piled up chairs, thus increasing the chance of infection by aerosols or contact. The act of singing itself may have contributed to the infection by the release of aerosols, related to the loudness of the voice [ 49 , 58 ].…”

Section: Cases Of Sars-cov-2 Transmission Owing To Environmental Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Azuma

Yanagi

Kagi

et al. 2020

Environ Health Prev Med

208

157

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the “3 Cs,” namely, “closed spaces with poor ventilation,” “crowded spaces with many people,” and “close contact.” In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.

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Section: Cases Of Sars-cov-2 Transmission Owing To Environmental Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Azuma

Yanagi

Kagi

et al. 2020

Environ Health Prev Med

208

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, if a treatment can reduce viral expansion on each cycle of infection by 50%, over 8 rounds of infection the virus titres will be reduced 256-fold in treated animals. High challenge doses of virus may reduce the time (and number of viral replication cycles) between infection and peak viral loads 36 and thus limit the potential impact of ‘growth-reducing’ therapies. The impact of high inoculum size is demonstrated by the earlier peak in viral loads following inoculation in most animal models (2–4 days post infection (Table 2 )) compared with animal to animal transmission 37 or time to diagnosis in human infection (4–6 days, with the time to severe illness even longer) 38 , 39 .…”

Section: Animal Models Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models

et al. 2020

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The rapid scale-up of research on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spawned a large number of potential vaccines and immunotherapies, accompanied by a commensurately large number of in vitro assays and in vivo models to measure their effectiveness. These assays broadly have the same end-goal — to predict the clinical efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in humans. However, the apparent potency of different interventions can vary considerably between assays and animal models, leading to very different predictions of clinical efficacy. Complete harmonization of experimental methods may be intractable at the current pace of research. However, here we analyse a selection of existing assays for measuring antibody-mediated virus neutralization and animal models of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and provide a framework for comparing results between studies and reconciling observed differences in the effects of interventions. Finally, we propose how we might optimize these assays for better comparison of results from in vitro and animal studies to accelerate progress.

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“…SARS‐CoV‐1 and SARS‐CoV‐2 both target the surface receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2) in humans as a means of entry, 24,25 and ACE‐2 is expressed on type II pneumocytes in the lung 26,27 and ciliated cells of nasal mucosa, 27,28 suggesting that there is a biologically plausible mechanism for an airborne route of transmission. Observational studies and models are emerging suggesting airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 can occur 29‐31 …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of indoor aerosol generation, transport, and control in the context of COVID‐19

Kohanski

Waring

2020

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

150

133

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High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020

Cited by 677 publications

References 8 publications

Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models

Review of indoor aerosol generation, transport, and control in the context of COVID‐19

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