“…5.4. Teaching English as a lingua franca (ELF) and World Englishes (WE) Among the relevant studies that have been published in recent years, most seem to focus on attitudes towards ELF/WEs, either in relation to participants' current awareness and openness towards ELF/ WEs (Altınmakas et al, 2019;Cesur & Balaban, 2020;Çeçen & Serdar Tülüce, 2019;Geçkinli & Yılmaz, 2021;Yücedağ & Karakaş, 2019), or in relation to the changes in attitudes following specific training, out-of-class communications in English, or experience abroad (Biricik Deniz et al, 2020;Irgın, 2020;Kaçar, 2021;Kemaloğlu-Er & Bayyurt, 2022;Uğurlu et al 2022). Çeçen and Serdar Tülüce (2019), for example, examined pre-service EFL teachers' attitudes towards speakers coming from the three 'circles' of English (Kachru, 1985).…”