“…Spatial ability is the ability to establish and preserve internal representations of external images and to perform mental operations (Guzel & Sener, ; Hoffler, ; Höffler & Leutner, ). However, it is not a single ability; rather, it is a set of cognitive abilities (David, ; Hoffler, ) that include spatial orientation, spatial relations, spatial perception, spatial visualization and spatial organization (Höffler & Leutner, ; Kang, ; Yang & Chen, ).…”