High sensitivity organic inorganic hybrid X-ray detectors with direct transduction and broadband response

Thirimanne, Hashini M.; Jayawardena, K. D. G. Imalka; Parnell, Andrew J.; Bandara, R. M. I.; Karalasingam, A.; Pani, S.; Huerdler, Judith E.; Lidzey, David G.; Tedde, Sandro F.; Nisbet, Andrew; Mills, C. A.; Silva, S. R. P.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05301-6

Cited by 192 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…High‐performance X‐ray detectors by direct conversion of X‐ray radiation into an electrical signal are of utmost crucial in both civil and military fields, and as a result play significant role in defense, industry, medical diagnostics, and scientific research, etc . Commercial X‐ray detectors are dominated by various inorganic semiconductors, including amorphous selenium (α‐Se), single‐crystal Si, CdTe, Cd(Zn)Te (CZT), PbI 2 , and HgI 2 , etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

140

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X-ray detectors with high sensitivity are of great significance in both civil and military fields. Over the past decades, great efforts have been made to improve the sensitivity in conventional inorganic materials, but mainly at the cost of increasing the energy consumption with a quite high operating voltage. Developing photosensitive ferroelectrics directly as detector materials may be a conceptually new strategy in view of the strong ferroelectric spontaneous polarization (P s ) that assists photoinduced carriers separation and transport. = 5 µC cm −2 ) is fabricated and exhibits an ultrahigh X-ray sensitivity up to 6.8 × 10 3 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 even at a relatively low operating voltage, which is over 300-fold larger than that of state-of-the-art α-Se X-ray detectors. Such a brilliant figure-of-merit is largely attributed to the superior mobility-lifetime products associated with the strong ferroelectric polarization of BA 2 EA 2 Pb 3 Br 10 . As pioneering work, these findings inform the exploration of hybrid halide perovskite ferroelectrics toward highperformance photoelectronic devices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

140

142

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“…High sensitivity of a material is a key parameter for X‐ray detectors because it can allow the material to easily detect a small X‐ray dose or in other words, reduces ionizing radiation risks . Exposure to high doses of X‐rays can increase lifetime cancer risk in patients, particularly in children, and exposure of sensitive parts of the adult body to X‐rays can double the risk or lead to the development of certain disorders .…”

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confidence: 99%

Flexible, Printable Soft‐X‐Ray Detectors Based on All‐Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots

et al. 2019

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Low-cost X-ray detectors with high performance, durability, and flexibility, are required for a wide range of applications in several fields, such as medical (diagnostic radiology, imaging, etc.), nondestructive testing (radioscopic inspections, radiography testing, etc.), security and defence (baggage/body scanning systems, paper mail, etc.), nuclear and radiation industries (nuclear power plants, research reactors, users of nuclear gauges, etc.), and research and development. [1] X-ray detection using semiconductors, based on the direct generation of electrical signals by X-rays (i.e., direct scheme), offers better spatial resolution and a simpler route than indirect schemes, in which X-rays are converted into photons by scintillating phosphors before detection by photodiode arrays. [2] Currently, the conventional materials used for direct conversion of X-rays include stabilized amorphous Se (α-Se), PbI 2 , HgI 2 , CdTe, and CdZnTe. [3] Metal halide perovskites represent a family of the most promising materials for fascinating photovoltaic and photodetector applications due to their unique optoelectronic properties and much needed simple and low-cost fabrication process. The high atomic number (Z) of their constituents and significantly higher carrier mobility also make perovskite semiconductors suitable for the detection of ionizing radiation. By taking advantage of that, the direct detection of soft-X-ray-induced photocurrent is demonstrated in both rigid and flexible detectors based on all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) synthesized via a solution process. Utilizing a synchrotron soft-X-ray beamline, high sensitivities of up to 1450 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 are achieved under an X-ray dose rate of 0.0172 mGy air s −1 with only 0.1 V bias voltage, which is about 70-fold more sensitive than conventional α-Se devices. Furthermore, the perovskite film is printed homogeneously on various substrates by the inexpensive inkjet printing method to demonstrate large-scale fabrication of arrays of multichannel detectors. These results suggest that the perovskite QDs are ideal candidates for the detection of soft X-rays and for large-area flat or flexible panels with tremendous application potential in multidimensional and different architectures imaging technologies.

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“…The sensitivity of the device at 3.3, 4.2, and 5.0 V mm −1 is 9063, 23 349, and 55 684 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 , respectively. The sensitivity of 55 684 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 is the highest among all kinds of direct and indirect X‐ray detectors, including the well‐known GOS, CsI:Tl, MAPbI 3 , Bi 2 O 3 doped organic semiconductors, and (NH 4 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9, as shown in Figure S11 in the Supporting Information. It should be noted that a higher electric field could further increase the sensitivity; however, it also introduces significant current drift because of the accelerated ion migration.…”

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Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr₃ Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection

et al. 2019

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Se; [8] Park and co-workers reported sensitivities of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 X-ray detectors as high as 11 000 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 . [9] On the other hand, inorganic lead halide perovskites have demonstrated high carrier mobilities, good stability, and low ionic migrations compared to organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite [11] and, therefore, provide higher detection sensitivity toward X-rays; however, they have rarely been studied as X-ray detectors.Another challenge is the fabrication of a thick perovskite film with controlled orientations. A thickness of hundreds of micrometers to millimeters is the prerequisite for complete X-ray attenuation. The uniform orientation of perovskite films is beneficial for charge transport and collection along the electric field direction, thereby requiring a quasi-monocrystalline film. Here, we define a quasi-monocrystalline as the crystal with the same orientation and without grain boundaries along the vertical direction. Current perovskite film-based X-ray detectors face the issue of random orientation and, thus, inefficient charge collection. [9] A new method to fabricate thick quasimonocrystalline perovskite films for X-ray detection is urgently needed.For the first time, here, we employ a hot-pressing method to fabricate thick quasi-monocrystalline inorganic perovskite CsPbBr 3 films. The thickness of the film reaches hundreds of micrometers, which guarantees complete X-ray attenuation. The good orientation of the films is tuned to promote carrier transport close to that of the single-crystal samples. Most importantly, as-fabricated CsPbBr 3 X-ray detectors demonstrate a high sensitivity of 55 684 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 as a result of high carrier mobility, large µτ product, and photoconductive gain effect. Additionally, CsPbBr 3 detectors also exhibit relatively fast response speed, negligible baseline drift, and good stability, which together make the CsPbBr 3 X-ray detector extremely competitive in high-contrast X-ray detection and imaging applications.Currently, the synthesis of high-quality millimeter-thick perovskite films is still a great challenge, because the typical solution-based process often results in many pinholes when the solvent is evaporated out of the film. [9] Here, we propose and demonstrate a hot-pressing method to obtain thick perovskite films. The hot-pressing method avoids the use of any solvent, An X-ray detector with high sensitivity would be able to increase the generated signal and reduce the dose rate; thus, this type of detector is beneficial for applications such as medical imaging and product inspection. The inorganic lead halide perovskite CsPbBr 3 possesses relatively larger density and a higher atomic number in contrast to its hybrid counterpart. Therefore, it is expected to provide high detection sensitivity for X-rays; however, it has rarely been studied as a direct X-ray detector. Here, a hot-pressing method is employed to fabricate thick quasi-monocrystalline CsPbBr 3 films, and a record sensitivity of 55 684 µC Gy air −1 cm −2 is achieved, surpas...

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High sensitivity organic inorganic hybrid X-ray detectors with direct transduction and broadband response

Cited by 192 publications

References 47 publications

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

Flexible, Printable Soft‐X‐Ray Detectors Based on All‐Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots

Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr₃ Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection

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High sensitivity organic inorganic hybrid X-ray detectors with direct transduction and broadband response

Cited by 192 publications

References 47 publications

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

2D Hybrid Perovskite Ferroelectric Enables Highly Sensitive X‐Ray Detection with Low Driving Voltage

Flexible, Printable Soft‐X‐Ray Detectors Based on All‐Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots

Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr3 Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection

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Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr₃ Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection