High-Speed Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation without a Detection Loophole

Randomness is critical for many information processing applications, including numerical modeling and cryptography [1,2]. Device-independent quantum random number generation [3] (DIQRNG) based on the loophole free violation of Bell inequality [4][5][6][7] produces unpredictable genuine randomness without any device assumption and is therefore an ultimate goal in the field of quantum information science [8][9][10]. However, due to formidable technical challenges, there were very few reported experimental studies of DIQRNG [11][12][13][14], which were vulnerable to the adversaries. Here we present a fully functional DIQRNG against the most general quantum adversaries [15][16][17]. We construct a robust experimental platform that realizes Bell inequality violation with entangled photons with detection and locality loopholes closed simultaneously. This platform enables a continuous recording of a large volume of data sufficient for security analysis against the general quantum side information and without assuming independent and identical distribution.Lastly, by developing a large Toeplitz matrix (137.90 Gb × 62.469 Mb) hashing technique, we demonstrate that this DIQRNG generates 6.2469 × 10 7 quantum-certified random bits in 96 hours (or 181 bits/s) with uniformity within 10 −5 . We anticipate this DIQRNG may have profound impact on the research of quantum randomness and information-secured applications.

show abstract

“…More details about the formula of R opt (ε s , ε EA ) is shown in [17] and Supplemental Materials of Ref. [31].…”

Section: B Estimation Of Randomness Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device-independent quantum random-number generation

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2018

Nature

Self Cite

229

160

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The goal of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) is to utilize quantum physical properties (e.g., random measurement outcomes) to produce true randomness useful for numerous other tasks (including for cryptography). Several security models exist ranging from the very weak fully-trusted scenario to the very strong device independent (DI) model [15,16] (which, though having strong security guarantees, is slow to implement in practice [17,18]). In between is the source independent (SI) model whereby only the source is untrusted, but the measurement devices are characterized [19,20,21,22].…”

Section: Second Application: Random Number Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum sampling and entropic uncertainty

Krawec

2019

Quantum Inf Process

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper, we show an interesting connection between a quantum sampling technique and quantum uncertainty. Namely, we use the quantum sampling technique, introduced by Bouman and Fehr, to derive a novel entropic uncertainty relation based on smooth min entropy, the binary Shannon entropy of an observed outcome, and the probability of failure of a classical sampling strategy. We then show two applications of our new relation. First, we use it to develop a simple proof of a version of the Maassen and Uffink uncertainty relation. Second, we show how it may be applied to quantum random number generation.

show abstract

“…However, its practical implementation is still challenging. One of the most formidable obstacles is closing the detection loophole [7][8][9][10][11][12], which necessitates the receiver to detect at least 2/3 of emitted photons [13]. That is, if a standard optical fiber at telecommunication wavelength with 0.2dB km −1 -loss is used as a transmission channel, the achievable distance becomes less than 10km even if photon detectors with unity detection efficiencies are employed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heralded amplification of nonlocality via entanglement swapping

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To observe the loophole-free violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt(CHSH) inequality between distant two parties, i.e. the CHSH value > S 2, the main limitation of distance stems from the loss in the transmission channel. The entanglement swapping relay(ESR) is a simple way to amplify the signal and enables us to evade the impact of the transmission loss. Here, we experimentally test the heralded nonlocality amplifier protocol based on the ESR. We observe that the obtained probability distribution is in excellent agreement with those expected by the numerical simulation with experimental parameters which are precisely characterized in a separate measurement. Moreover, we experimentally estimate the nonlocality of the heralded state after the transmission of 10dB loss just before final detection. The estimated CHSH value is = > S 2.113 2, which indicates that our final state possesses nonlocality even with transmission loss and various experimental imperfections. Our result clarifies an important benchmark of the ESR protocol, and paves the way towards the longdistance realization of the loophole-free CHSH-violation as well as device-independent quantum key distribution.probability. Although the concept of the HPA has been experimentally demonstrated [18][19][20], they did not recover the nonlocality and thus the heralded state could not show the loophole-free Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) violation, even if Alice and Bob had perfect detectors.An alternative option is the linear-optical entanglement swapping relay(ESR), which is widely used as an entangling operation of independently prepared photon pairs in a postselection manner [21][22][23][24]. While the ESR is simpler than the other schemes, at first, this method was not believed to work in the experiment without postselection such as DIQKD [14,17]. This is because if one applies the ESR to the entangled photons generated by the spontaneous parametric-down conversion(SPDC), which is currently the most practical source of a photonic entangled state, even if the swapping is successful, the generated state(without postlsection) is far from the two-qubit maximally entangled state(less than 0.5 fidelity between them). Surprisingly, however, Curty and Moroder [25] showed that the ESR without postselection is, in fact, able to violate the CHSH inequality [26], i.e. the CHSH value S>2. This was confirmed by the following numerical analysis by Seshadreesan et al [27], which contains various practical imperfections and the multi-pair generation of the SPDC sources. These theoretical predictions show that even if the ESR state is not close to the ideal Bell state, it still shows nonlocality, which is useful for quantum protocols such as DIQKD. Related to this, not the CHSH inequality violation but the eventready quantum steering was recently demonstrated by using the ESR [28].In this paper, we perform a proof-of-principle experiment of Bell test based on ESR, and estimate the nonlocality of the experimentally generated state by the ESR-based heralding,...

show abstract

High-Speed Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation without a Detection Loophole

Cited by 106 publications

References 29 publications

Device-independent quantum random-number generation

Device-independent quantum random-number generation

Quantum sampling and entropic uncertainty

Heralded amplification of nonlocality via entanglement swapping

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About