High-speed Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) for Voltage and Frequency Support in Low Voltage Distribution Networks

Abstract

Real-time simulation of power system transients inevitably demands computation time steps of the order of microseconds or even less. This enables Power-Hardware-inthe-Loop (PHIL) testing of new power system components, such as innovative energy storage systems, which is an efficient costeffective method to analyze the behavior of the component, prior to the grid connection. Having accurate real-time simulation models of the components is an essential step, prior to the PHIL testing. The new-generation Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS), which uses High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for magnetic levitation and stabilization, is a novel energy storage technology. Due to quick response times, high power densities and high number of charging/discharging cycles, this new-generation FESS is especially suitable for enhancing power quality and transient stability in power systems. In this paper, the modeling and implementation of a FESS with HTS bearings in a real-time simulation environment are presented. The obtained real-time simulation results confirm the effectiveness of using such a FESS for improving power quality, e.g. voltage sag compensation in distribution networks and supporting the grid during frequency disturbances.

Adaptive inertia emulation control for high‐speed flywheel energy storage systems

“…The parameters used for the FESS and the added DER to the original benchmark are given in the Appendix. The parameters for the inertia emulation controller is given Table 2, while the parameters for the inner controllers of the FESS are according to the values in [37]. The system is capable of being operated in autonomous mode if disturbances occur in the main power system.…”

“…This controller has the task of controlling the DC‐link voltage of FESS by controlling the active power exchange between the FESS and the grid. Conventional PI controllers with decoupling terms for the d ‐ and q ‐axis and voltage feed‐forward are used for generating the pulse width modulation indices [37]. The GSC also attempts to maintain the AC‐side terminal voltage by absorbing or injecting reactive power.…”

Lifetime Analysis of Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Transportation

“…This aspect must be considered during system design, but is an issue that can be resolved [20] as they have been used successfully in various transportation applications (see Figure 4). Due to the above-listed properties, FESS are increasingly used for grid stability or fast-charging applications, as proposed in References [21,22]. Another example is the currently ongoing Austrian research project "FlyGrid", within which a FESS for a fully automated EV charging station will be developed.…”

“…One module of this prototype will be used as the reference case and will deliver 5 kWh at 100 kW peak power. Due to the above-listed properties, FESS are increasingly used for grid stability or fast-charging applications, as proposed in References [21,22]. Another example is the currently ongoing Austrian research project "FlyGrid", within which a FESS for a fully automated EV charging station will be developed.…”

A Method for Sizing Centralised Energy Storage Systems Using Standard Patterns

“…For type 2 ESS Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and supercapacitors are a good alternative. Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) were proposed as an optimal solution for power smoothing or other applications, where frequent cycling at high powers are required [18], [19].…”