High-Speed Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Machine Learning Approaches for Dynamic Domain Growth in Ferroelectric Materials

Abstract

Domain dynamics has been one of the hottest research topics for ferroelectric materials in order to understand the ferroelectric mechanisms and to develop the related applications. By using high-speed piezoresponse force microscopy (HSPFM), it is possible to observe the dynamic domain evolution in an ultrashort time increment. This paper combines the HSPFM experiments and machine learning to study the domain growth under a weak AC field in ferroelectric materials. Here, the Bayesian optimized support vector machine is employed to classify the switching domain and stable domain. The results indicate that the machine learning classifier is capable of discerning the switching area. In addition, the domain associated characteristics, such as domain pinning and domain wall pinning, can also be observed and analyzed by combining experiments and machine learning. The machine learning approach can fast and deeply extract the complicated features related to free energy from the multidimensional signals obtained by HSPFM.

Insights into the Correlation between Tetragonal Phase and Temperature Stability of Potassium Sodium Niobate Based Ceramics from Domain Behaviors

“…The complete nucleate of the domain with opposite directions inside the original domain was also reported in lead‐based single crystals. [ 39 ] Similar phenomenon was also observed in the domains with a lower written voltage of 10 V as displayed in Figure 4c and Figure S3 in the Supporting Information. Investigations in BT and PZT based materials with tetragonal phase show that the most occurred 90° switching to release the local stress caused by poling plays an important role in depolarization and relaxation.…”

Phase Transition Effect on Ferroelectric Domain Surface Charge Dynamics in BaTiO3 Single Crystal

“…Thus, it is important to use direct imaging techniques to study the characteristics of domain structure [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), which allows the high-resolution and nondestructive imaging for domain structures and observation of their dynamic behaviors on the micro and nanoscale, has been used [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The research of ferroelectric surface science using SPM has provided deep insight into the structure and dynamics of ferroelectrics [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Symmetry of the Underlying Lattice in (K,Na)NbO3-Based Relaxor Ferroelectrics with Large Electromechanical Response

“…The observed distinct boundary of amplitude between the smaller square and the rest area (Figure S5d) and the obvious distinction in brightness with the phase difference ∼180 o (Figure g) indicate sufficient domain switching, reflecting the large domain mobility. In addition, it should be noted that the poling area in the PFM phase image is not a regular square, which could be attributed to the ununiform coercive bias over the domains in the phase image, which results in hard switched regions under +8 V. This phenomenon may be related to the inhomogeneous size distribution of domains in the ceramics …”

“…In addition, it should be noted that the poling area in the PFM phase image is not a regular square, which could be attributed to the ununiform coercive bias over the domains in the phase image, which results in hard switched regions under +8 V. This phenomenon may be related to the inhomogeneous size distribution of domains in the ceramics. 35 4a4). In addition, a broader maximum value of dielectricity could be observed in the x = 0.01 sample compared with the x = 0 composition, indicating that more relaxing elements like PNRs and flexible domain walls might exist in the ceramic (x = 0.01).…”