“…Previous works on peristaltic [3,5,[7][8][9][10][11] and caterpillar crawling robots [4,[12][13][14] have used actuators such as shape-memory alloys, pneumatic pumps, servo motors, and magnetic fluid. However, issues with existing designs include poor structural compliance due to rigid components [7,10,12], structural complexity [10,12] making miniaturization difficult, and tethered operation [5,12,14] limiting the autonomous operation of the robot especially in narrow space.…”