“…Controllers are evaluated based on locked output torque tracking performance, their disturbance rejection (i.e., magnitude of the apparent impedance), their interaction stability (i.e., passivity of the apparent impedance, as well as their noise sensitivity). With this structured analysis, it is possible to select controllers specifically based on application requirements, such as bandwidth requirements, sensor noise levels [86], and interaction types (e.g., low apparent impedance if in direct interaction with humans or unconditional interaction stability in case of uncertain interactions).…”