High-strength and long-term durable hydrophobic polystyrene microsphere: a promising ultra-lightweight proppant for fracturing technology

Song, Lijian; Yuan, Hui; Gong, Yunlei; Changlin, He; Zhou, Hongyu; Wan, Xiaojin; Qin, Wei; Yang, Sen; Ren, Xianyan

doi:10.1007/s00289-021-03683-0

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Peaks at 700–760 cm −1 , corresponding to the C–H bending vibration, belong to the mono-substituted benzene ring, and the peak at 1500 cm −1 belongs to the C=C stretching of the benzene ring in St. For the poly(St- co -MMA)/30 wt.% FA composite, except for the vibration signals of MMA and St, more signal peaks can be observed. The peaks at 3538 cm −1 , 1035 cm −1 , and 400–600 cm −1 were attributed to the -OH bending of the silicate layers, Si–O stretching, and Si–O–Si bending vibration, respectively [ 24 , 27 ]. These indicated the presence of FA in the final poly(St- co -MMA)/30 wt.% FA composite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile and Controllable Preparation of Poly(St-co-MMA)/FA Microspheres Used as Ultra-Lightweight Proppants

et al. 2021

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Hydraulic fracturing is an important technology for the exploitation of unconventional oil or gas reservoirs. In order to increase the production of oil or gas, ultra-lightweight proppants with a high compressive strength are highly desirable in hydraulic fracture systems. In this work, a new type of ultra-lightweight proppant, poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)/fly ash (poly(St-co-MMA)/FA) composites with a high compressive strength were prepared via in situ suspension polymerization. The Fourier transform infrared (IR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed that the poly(St-co-MMA)/FA composites were successfully prepared. The morphology analysis indicated that the composite microspheres show good sphericity, and FA powder was evenly dispersed in the matrix. The apparent density of the microspheres was between 1 and 1.3 g/cm3, which is suitable for hydraulic fracturing. Furthermore, the compressive strength and thermostability were dramatically improved with the incorporation of FA, which could withstand high pressures and temperatures underground. The obtained poly(St-co-MMA)/FA composite microspheres are promising for application as an ultra-lightweight (ULW) proppant in oil or gas exploitation, which provides a new approach for the design of high performance proppants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile and Controllable Preparation of Poly(St-co-MMA)/FA Microspheres Used as Ultra-Lightweight Proppants

et al. 2021

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“…25 The peak at 1080 cm À1 belongs to the Si-O vibrations of the "Si-O-CH 3 " group in KH570. 12 Due to the mass weight of fluororesin coated on the surface only accounts to 1% of the microspheres, the IR spectra of the LO-MSDBs and CO-MSDBs do not show any peaks belonging to groups of fluororesin. XPS was then used to prove the presence of the fluororesin on their surface.…”

Section: The Design and Structure Of The Msdbsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The O-MSDBs were synthesized by a suspension polymerization method that was accompanied by a sol-gel process, which has been reported in our previous work. 12 As shown in Figure 1, an aqueous phase composed of water (100 ml), PVA-1788 (1.0 g) and MC-400 (0.05 g) was prepared at 50 C in a three-neck flask equipped with a reflux condenser. Before the addition of the oil phase, the pH of the aqueous phase was tuned to about 10 (monitor by a pH meter) using NH 3 ÁH 2 O.…”

Section: The Preparation Of O-msdbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water contact angle (θ w ) on the surface of the O-MSDBs is 140.7 . 12 However, the hydrophobic stability of the O-MSDBs in HF and HCl solutions is weak. For example, in Figure 5, the θ w on the surface of the O-MSDBs decreases largely from 140 to 20 and decreased by 85.7% after the O-MSDBs are treated in mud acid at 65 C for 48 h, accompanying with a mass loss of about 7.0%.…”

Section: The Design and Structure Of The Msdbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, most of reported work only emphasizes the strength of the ULD proppants but ignores their functions, especially the hydrophobicity. 12 The development of hydrophobic ULD proppants satisfies the urgent demand of overcoming high water-oil ratio in crude oil, which is a tough problem worldwide, for example, water-oil ratio even reaches up to 100:1. 13 Though various methods have been reported to fabricate hydrophobic surfaces, 14 little work about designing proppants with hydrophobic surface had been reported till we reported the first paper about nanoparticles patternedresin coated super-hydrophobic ceramsites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of hydrophobic and high‐strengthpolymer microspheres based on constructing a “Functionalmonomer‐St‐DVB” copolymer structure:Ultra‐low‐densityproppants

Jinrong

Gong

Zheng

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Ultra‐low‐density proppants are of great significant in slick water fracturing system, but the polymer composite microspheres can hardly promise the quality of oil and gas due to their poor hydrophobicity. To address the issue, we prepared several types of modified styrene‐divinyl benzene copolymer microspheres (MSDBs) with long‐term durable hydrophobicity and high strength, including O‐MSDBs (hydrophobic MSDBs), LO‐MSDBs (long‐time hydrophobic MSDBs), and CO‐MSDBs (coated O‐MSDBs) on the basis of a molecular structure of “KH570‐styrene (St)‐divinyl benzene (DVB)” copolymer. In this article, the design concept and the structure of MSDBs was clarified, and performances of MSDBs are systematically discussed and compared with commercially available hydrophobic microspheres. The O‐MSDBs, a kind of nanoparticle patterned St‐DVB copolymer microspheres, were prepared by a one‐step suspension polymerization undergoing a sol–gel process, showing strong hydrophobicity with a water contact angle up to 140.7°, but short durability in strong hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid; On the contrary, LO‐MSDBs perform better in the stability and durability of hydrophobicity with a slightly lower water contact angle about 135.9°. The LO‐MSDBs were designed by coating functionalized St‐DVB copolymer microspheres with fluororesin. Similarly, CO‐MSDBs from fluororesin‐coated O‐MSDBs were designed. As expected, CO‐MSDBs have a stronger hydrophobicity (139.0°) than LO‐MSDBs and longer durability than O‐MSDBs. Moreover, the MSDBs exhibit better properties than the commercially available hydrophobic polymer and ceramic microspheres.

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Carbon dots enhanced ultra‐low‐density fluorescence proppants with both high‐compressive strength and anti‐deformation ability

Qin,

You,

Song

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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The polymer ultra‐low‐density proppants are critical to the development of slick‐water fracture technology, but which were prone to obvious deformation under high pressure in the fractures. To increase the stiffness of the styrene‐divinylbenzene copolymer (SDB) and obtain desired ultra‐low‐density (ULD) proppants, carbon dots (CDs) were introduced in‐situ considering their characteristics as the zero‐dimensional carbon nanomaterial. Taking the compressive strength and axial deflection, and so forth into consideration, the synthesis conditions of CDs modified SDB microspheres (CDs‐SDBs) were optimized. Taking the graphite modified SDBs (MG‐SDBs) as a reference, the density of CDs‐SDBs did keep almost constant at about 1.1800 ~ 1.1899 g·cm−3 with the increase of CDs amount. The CDs‐SDBs not only possess high‐peak pressure (41.5 N) but also minute axial deflection (0.090 mm). The advantages of CDs‐SDBs over MG‐SDBs become even more pronounced under higher pressure, which can withstand closure pressure of 80 MPa with a small crush ratio of 4.47%. CDs‐SDBs exhibit significant photoluminescence performances with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 634 nm and 554 nm.Highlights CDs‐SDBs as ULD proppants with high strength and anti‐deformation were developed. Advantages of CDs‐SDBs become more pronounced under high‐closure pressure. With increasing of CDs amount, apparent density of CDs‐SDBs keep almost constant. Axial deflection of CDs‐SDBs is only 0.09 mm under 41.5 N. The crush ratio is only 4.47% under 80 MPa closure pressure.

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High-strength and long-term durable hydrophobic polystyrene microsphere: a promising ultra-lightweight proppant for fracturing technology

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Facile and Controllable Preparation of Poly(St-co-MMA)/FA Microspheres Used as Ultra-Lightweight Proppants

Facile and Controllable Preparation of Poly(St-co-MMA)/FA Microspheres Used as Ultra-Lightweight Proppants

Preparation of hydrophobic and high‐strengthpolymer microspheres based on constructing a “Functionalmonomer‐St‐DVB” copolymer structure:Ultra‐low‐densityproppants

Carbon dots enhanced ultra‐low‐density fluorescence proppants with both high‐compressive strength and anti‐deformation ability

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