High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing

Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk

doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3

Cited by 336 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…[549] For this purpose, they designed a ternary Fe-Ni-Al maraging steel model alloy that shows the desired in-process phase transformation without any post-process aging. [552] DED processing enables a rapid alloy prototyping approach by changing the alloy composition during the manufacturing process. This way compositionally graded samples were produced to efficiently screen different alloy compositions and to identify promising concentration intervals for further study, Figure 49.…”

Section: A Additive Manufacturing Of Advanced Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even without locally varying chemistry, AM allows to locally influence and tune the microstructure. [552,553,555] This can be done by using the digital process control to influence the solid-liquid phase transformation (texture variation, columnar-to-equiaxed transition depending on scanning strategy and energy input) and solid-solid phase transformations (martensitic and precipitation transformations during the IHT). Although these concepts are currently not yet fully developed, they open a pathway to use AM as a material synthesis method in addition to a material shaping method.…”

Section: A Additive Manufacturing Of Advanced Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Challenges and Opportunities in Microstructure-Related Properties of Advanced High-Strength Steels

Raabe

Sun

Silva

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans A

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151

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This is a viewpoint paper on recent progress in the understanding of the microstructure–property relations of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). These alloys constitute a class of high-strength, formable steels that are designed mainly as sheet products for the transportation sector. AHSS have often very complex and hierarchical microstructures consisting of ferrite, austenite, bainite, or martensite matrix or of duplex or even multiphase mixtures of these constituents, sometimes enriched with precipitates. This complexity makes it challenging to establish reliable and mechanism-based microstructure–property relationships. A number of excellent studies already exist about the different types of AHSS (such as dual-phase steels, complex phase steels, transformation-induced plasticity steels, twinning-induced plasticity steels, bainitic steels, quenching and partitioning steels, press hardening steels, etc.) and several overviews appeared in which their engineering features related to mechanical properties and forming were discussed. This article reviews recent progress in the understanding of microstructures and alloy design in this field, placing particular attention on the deformation and strain hardening mechanisms of Mn-containing steels that utilize complex dislocation substructures, nanoscale precipitation patterns, deformation-driven transformation, and twinning effects. Recent developments on microalloyed nanoprecipitation hardened and press hardening steels are also reviewed. Besides providing a critical discussion of their microstructures and properties, vital features such as their resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and damage formation are also evaluated. We also present latest progress in advanced characterization and modeling techniques applied to AHSS. Finally, emerging topics such as machine learning, through-process simulation, and additive manufacturing of AHSS are discussed. The aim of this viewpoint is to identify similarities in the deformation and damage mechanisms among these various types of advanced steels and to use these observations for their further development and maturation.

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Section: A Additive Manufacturing Of Advanced Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Additive Manufacturing Of Advanced Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Challenges and Opportunities in Microstructure-Related Properties of Advanced High-Strength Steels

Raabe

Sun

Silva

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans A

Self Cite

151

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show abstract

“…Powder-based laser additive manufacturing techniques such as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) [1] or Direct Energy Deposition (DED) [2] have been recently established as methods that allow the strengthening of metal alloys by modification of the microstructure [3]. Often, the strengthening is achieved by introducing lattice-matched nanoparticles within the surrounding matrix [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 which is the model parameter obtained at the reference temperature T M . κT Mρ is the gradient model parameter at a reference temperature T M .…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle Tracing during Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels

et al. 2021

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The control of nanoparticle agglomeration during the fabrication of oxide dispersion strengthened steels is a key factor in maximizing their mechanical and high temperature reinforcement properties. However, the characterization of the nanoparticle evolution during processing represents a challenge due to the lack of experimental methodologies that allow in situ evaluation during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of nanoparticle-additivated steel powders. To address this problem, a simulation scheme is proposed to trace the drift and the interactions of the nanoparticles in the melt pool by joint heat-melt-microstructure–coupled phase-field simulation with nanoparticle kinematics. Van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion with screened-Coulomb potential are explicitly employed to model the interactions with assumptions made based on reported experimental evidence. Numerical simulations have been conducted for LPBF of oxide nanoparticle-additivated PM2000 powder considering various factors, including the nanoparticle composition and size distribution. The obtained results provide a statistical and graphical demonstration of the temporal and spatial variations of the traced nanoparticles, showing ∼55% of the nanoparticles within the generated grains, and a smaller fraction of ∼30% in the pores, ∼13% on the surface, and ∼2% on the grain boundaries. To prove the methodology and compare it with experimental observations, the simulations are performed for LPBF of a 0.005 wt % yttrium oxide nanoparticle-additivated PM2000 powder and the final degree of nanoparticle agglomeration and distribution are analyzed with respect to a series of geometric and material parameters.

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“…Our approach can hence be transferred to a large variety of high-performance steels containing metastable austenite, targeting different application fields (for example, various TRIP-aided advanced high-strength steels, metastable stainless steels and maraging-TRIP steels), using the crack-resistance-enhancing mechanisms introduced in this work. Furthermore, our strategy of utilizing chemical heterogeneity is expected to provide important insights into other advanced metal processing techniques such as powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, where multiple options might exist to manipulate solute distribution or patterning [41][42][43] . In that context, the unique composite effect caused by solute heterogeneity-that is, the combination of high crack resistance provided by local chemical fluctuations and high mechanical performance arising from other microstructure ingredients-can also be extended to other alloys in which a compositional dependence of H resistance exists.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical heterogeneity enhances hydrogen resistance in high-strength steels

et al. 2021

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The antagonism between strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials is an intrinsic obstacle to the design of lightweight yet reliable structural components operated in hydrogen-containing environments. Economical and scalable microstructural solutions to this challenge must be found. Here, we introduce a counterintuitive strategy to exploit the typically undesired chemical heterogeneity within the material’s microstructure that enables local enhancement of crack resistance and local hydrogen trapping. We use this approach in a manganese-containing high-strength steel and produce a high dispersion of manganese-rich zones within the microstructure. These solute-rich buffer regions allow for local micro-tuning of the phase stability, arresting hydrogen-induced microcracks and thus interrupting the percolation of hydrogen-assisted damage. This results in a superior hydrogen embrittlement resistance (better by a factor of two) without sacrificing the material’s strength and ductility. The strategy of exploiting chemical heterogeneities, rather than avoiding them, broadens the horizon for microstructure engineering via advanced thermomechanical processing.

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High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing

Cited by 336 publications

References 32 publications

Current Challenges and Opportunities in Microstructure-Related Properties of Advanced High-Strength Steels

Current Challenges and Opportunities in Microstructure-Related Properties of Advanced High-Strength Steels

Nanoparticle Tracing during Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels

Chemical heterogeneity enhances hydrogen resistance in high-strength steels

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