High-subsonic boundary-layer flows of an organic vapour

Abstract

Boundary layers of Novec649, a low-global-warming potential fluid of interest for low-grade heat recovery, are investigated numerically by means of linear stability theory, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES). This organic vapour is of interest in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) turbines and realistic thermodynamic conditions are selected. Under these conditions, the vapour behaves as a dense gas and, due to its high molecular complexity, real-gas effects occur. In addition, the fluid exhibits large and highly variable heat capacities and density- as well as temperature-dependent transport properties. More specifically we report the first direct and LES of transitional and turbulent boundary layers of Novec649 at high-subsonic conditions $M=0.9$ . A controlled transition is performed by using oblique modes determined by linear stability theory extended to dense gases. An oblique-type transition is obtained as in low-speed air flows, where sinuous streaks develop by the lift-up mechanism and break down into turbulence. In the turbulent state, the profiles of dynamic flow properties (velocities, turbulent intensities, turbulent kinetic energy budgets) are little affected by the gas properties and remain very close to incompressible DNS, despite the high-subsonic flow speed. The fluctuations levels for thermodynamic properties have been quantified with respect to air flows. Notwithstanding a drastic reduction, genuine compressibility effects are present. For example, the fluctuating Mach number and the acoustic mode are characteristic of high-speed flows. The influence of forcing frequency and amplitude on the established turbulent state has been investigated using LES. An analysis of integral quantities shows a slow relaxation towards a canonical equilibrium turbulent state for all cases due to the high Reynolds numbers typical of dense gas flows. Overall the present DNS constitutes a valuable reference not only for forthcoming experiments but also for future studies of free-stream transition and loss mechanisms in ORC turbines.