High surface area carbon aerogels for supercapacitors

Saliger, R.; Fischer, Utz; Herta, C; Fricke, J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00104-5

Cited by 317 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Acid catalyzed reactions also increase both the pore size and gelation time. 72 For example, a small amount of base catalyst, Na 2 CO 3 (Resorcinol/Catalyst ¼ 1500), formed a pore size of $50 nm. 53,55 Carbonized RF is of interest to a number of research fields including high energy density (HED) matter relating to battery and capacitor technology.…”

Section: Resorcinol Formaldehyde (Rf) and Carbon Aerogelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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This review describes and categorizes the synthesis and properties of low density porous materials, which are commonly referred to as foams and are utilized for laser plasma experiments. By focusing a high-power laser on a small target composed of these materials, high energy and density states can be produced. In the past decade or so, various new target fabrication techniques have been developed by many laboratories that use high energy lasers and consequently, many publications and reviews followed these developments. However, the emphasis so far has been on targets that did not utilize low density porous materials. This review therefore, attempts to redress this balance and endeavors to review low density materials used in laser plasma experiments in recent years. The emphasis of this review will be on aspects of low density materials that are of relevance to high energy laser plasma experiments. Aspects of low density materials such as densities, elemental compositions, macroscopic structures, nanostructures, and characterization of these materials will be covered. Also, there will be a brief mention of how these aspects affect the results in laser plasma experiments and the constrictions that these requirements put on the fabrication of low density materials relevant to this field. This review is written from the chemists' point of view to aid physicists and the new comers to this field.

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Section: Resorcinol Formaldehyde (Rf) and Carbon Aerogelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

2018

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“…Monolithicity is one of the crucial properties of RF xerogels needed for many applications like electrodes or supercapacitors [10], [11], [19], [20] and [21]. For those applications a fixed shape and size of xerogels is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of mechanical properties and final textural properties of resorcinol–formaldehyde xerogels during ambient air drying

Léonard

Blacher

Crine

et al. 2008

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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Porous carbon xerogels can be obtained by convective drying of resorcinol (R)-formaldehyde (F) hydrogels, followed by pyrolysis. Drying conditions have to be carefully controlled when crack-free monoliths with well-defined shape and size are required. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of the RF xerogels and their evolution with water content is essential to model their thermo-hygro-mechanical behaviour during convective drying and avoid mechanical stresses leading to deformation and cracking of the sample. The shrinkage behaviour and the mechanical properties of RF xerogels obtained with R/C ratio ranging from 300 to 1500 were investigated. R/C greatly influences the shrinkage and mechanical properties of the wet gel, on the one hand, and the mechanical and textural properties of the dried gel, on the other hand. The smaller the R/C, the higher the shrinkage, the stiffening, and the viscoelastic character of the xerogels. Water content has an influence on both the stiffness of the gels and the viscoelastic response. Generally, samples lose their mechanical viscous character and become more rigid when they are dried. Finally, mercury porosimetry measurements showed that the gels exhibit a marked lowering of 2 their stiffness upon compression, interpreted as a result of the heterogeneity of the microstructure.

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“…Similarly, while doping, formation of functional groups and defects within carbon may increase carbon capacitance, it may negatively impact other EDLC performance characteristics, for example, induce faster self-discharge and slow down ion transport rate. 26,27 One of the straightforward strategies to improve both the energy density and power density of EDLC relies on developing electrode materials with large SSA, tailored pore size distribution and straight pores with low tortuosity.In spite of the significant research in ELDCs based on mesoporous carbons, such as carbon fibers, 28-30 single-and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, 19,31-33 carbon onions, 19,27,34-37 carbon aerogels 38,39 and graphene, 40-42 microporous carbon powders will likely remain a material of choice for the vast majority of commercial EDLC applications due to their higher volumetric capacitance, easier processing into thick electrodes and most commonly lower cost. 25,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64] If properly synthesized, such materials may feature three dimensionally interconnected aligned micropores obtained after depositing a carbon monolayer on the low-cost zeolite template and the subsequent chemical etching of zeolite.…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing Capacitance of Zeolite-Templated Carbons in Electric Double Layer Capacitors

Moon

Kim

Lee

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Enhancement of the specific capacitance in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is of high interest due to the ever increasing demand for high power density energy storage devices. Zeolite templated carbon (ZTC) is a promising EDLC electrode material with large specific surface area and straight, ordered well-defined micropores. In this study, ZTC samples were synthesized using a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP CVD) of carbon on sacrificial zeolite Y powder using acetylene gas as a precursor. We demonstrate for the first time how various post-treatments of the produced samples can affect the ZTC microstructure and porosity and how such modifications may significantly improve electrochemical performance characteristics of the ZTC-based EDLC electrodes. The effects of CO 2 activation, ball milling and high temperature annealing process were systematically studied. The best performing samples achieved very large capacitance of over 240 Fg −1 at 1 mVs −1 in 1 M solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile and stable performance in symmetric EDLC devices with no noticeable degradation for over 20,000 cycles at a very high current density of 20 Ag Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), also called supercapacitors and ultra-capacitors, have attracted extensive attention as EDLCs can provide high power delivery or update, high cycle efficiency, thermal stability, practically unlimited cycle life and relatively low cost of manufacturing.1 Furthermore, a wide operational temperature range and a relatively easy determination of the state of charge can be considered as additional advantageous aspects.1 Hence, there is an increasing growth in demand for EDLCs in industrial equipments, electronic devices, transportation market, and automotive applications.1-5 Yet, significantly smaller energy density (ca. 5 Wh kg −1 ) compared to the state of art rechargeable Li ion batteries (ca. 180 Wh kg −1 ) urgently calls for improvement in capacitance of EDLCs. 6,7 In addition, for some applications it is crucial to further increase the charge-discharge rate capability without deteriorating energy density characteristics. 1The value of the double layer capacitance formed at the electrode/ electrolyte interface (which directly impacts the energy density of EDLCs) is believed to depend on multiple factors, such as specific surface area (SSA) of the electrically conductive porous carbon electrodes, 1,8-11 pore size distribution (PSD) of the carbon electrodes (which may affect both the pore access by electrolyte ions and the solvation shell distortion and the resulting pore wall -ion separation distance), 1,3,9,12 electron density of states in carbon (which may affect the capacitance of the electrode side of the double layer), 13 electrolyte-carbon interfacial energy (which may affect electrolyte wetting in both large and sub-nm sized pores), 14,15 electrolyte-carbon interactions (which may impact electron density of states in carbon), 16 the presence of doping species within carbon (which...

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High surface area carbon aerogels for supercapacitors

Cited by 317 publications

References 9 publications

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

A review of low density porous materials used in laser plasma experiments

Evolution of mechanical properties and final textural properties of resorcinol–formaldehyde xerogels during ambient air drying

Increasing Capacitance of Zeolite-Templated Carbons in Electric Double Layer Capacitors

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