High temperature conductivity of potassium-β″-alumina

Williams, Roger; Jeffries‐Nakamura, B.; Underwood, M. L.; Ryan, M. A.; O'Connor, D.; Kikkert, S.

doi:10.1016/0167-2738(92)90258-q

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…17 Furthermore, the presence of substantial fractions of both Na and K in the b/b 00 -alumina lattice creates a mixed alkali effect that decreases ionic conductivity. 16 Interestingly, K-b 00 -alumina is, like Na-b/b 00 -alumina, also a superionic conductor (s = 1-2 mS cm À1 at 25 C [ Figure S7]), and has received interest for KjS batteries, 18,19 alkali metal thermalto-electric conversion devices, 20 potassium purification processes, 21 and as a precursor material. 22 In this work, we demonstrate that K-b 00 -alumina can be used as a stable K + -selective ion conductor with Na-K at room temperature.…”

Section: Context and Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

High-Voltage, Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Flow Battery Enabled by Na-K|K-β″-Alumina Stability

Baclig

McConohy

Poletayev

et al. 2018

Joule

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Flow batteries are a compelling grid-scale energy storage technology because the stored energy is decoupled from the system power. Aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs), however, are limited by low open-circuit voltages (OCVs). Replacing the aqueous negative electrolyte (negolyte) with liquid alkali metals-of which Na-K, a room-temperature liquid metal alloy, is attractivewould increase the OCV considerably. However, a suitable solid electrolyte has not been reported for Na-K. Here we show that K-b 00-alumina is a selective and robust K + ion conductor in contact with Na-K, to which it is stable with minimal exchange of Na. We report the cycling of cells with OCVs of 3.1-3.4 V employing aqueous and nonaqueous positive electrolytes (posolytes), and power density tests showing promising maximum power densities of 65 mW cm À2 at 22 C and >100 mW cm À2 at 57 C, ohmically limited by 330-mm K-b 00-alumina membranes. Further development of Na-KjK-b 00-alumina batteries could unlock cost-effective energy storage.

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Section: Context and Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

High-Voltage, Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Flow Battery Enabled by Na-K|K-β″-Alumina Stability

Baclig

McConohy

Poletayev

et al. 2018

Joule

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“…During our search for the most appropriate auxiliary electrode for nitrogen oxides sensing, the electrode that holds the highest K ϩ ion conductivity is expected to be the most appropriate electrode. Among the KNO 2 -doped rare earth oxides series prepared, it becomes clear that the KNO 2 -doped Gd 2 O 3 shows as high K ϩ ion conductivity as K ϩ -␤Љ-alumina single crystal 30 which is one of the highest ones in the K ϩ ion conducting solid electrolytes and the value exceeds more than two orders of magnitude in comparison to that of KNO 2 -doped Eu 2 O 3 solid we reported previously 27 as presented in Fig. 2.…”

Section: H113mentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Nitrogen Oxides Gas Sensor Based on Solid Electrolytes with Refractory Oxide-Based Auxiliary Electrode

Imanaka

Oda

Tamura

et al. 2004

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A new type of total nitrogen oxides (NO X ) gas sensor was fabricated by the conjunction of trivalent aluminum cation and divalent oxide anion conducting solid electrolytes with potassium nitrite-doped rare earth oxide-based auxiliary electrode. The sensor response was rapid, reproducible, and a continuous response was obtained. The sensor's electromotive force output is equivalent in both NO and NO 2 detection with obeying the Nernst relationship, indicating that a quantitative total NO X ͑NO plus NO 2 gases͒ gas detection can be successfully realized.Nitrogen oxides mainly composed of NO and NO 2 in emitted gases are typical air pollutant gas species and the suppression of the gases emission amount into the atmosphere has been becoming an urgent issue. The NO X gases are generated mainly in two ways. One is from the moving vehicles such as automobiles and the other is on-site facilities. In order to suppress the total emitting amount into the atmosphere, the accurate on-site detection is inevitable. For that purpose, rapid and accurate sensing tools are greatly requested and smart NO X gas sensors have been proposed such types as semiconductors, 1-11 solid electrolytes, 12-21 and organic compounds. 22-26 Among those, the solid electrolyte-type gas sensor is inexpensive, and has an advanced merit of selective and quantitative gas sensing. As the component of the auxiliary electrodes, nitrite series was first reported by Yao et al. 14 and the researches on nitrites and also nitrates were continued by their group. 15-17 However, all those nitrates are low in melting temperatures and in fact not applicable in situ detection. In order to realize a practically applicable sensor with solid electrolyte type, all sensor components should be thermally stable.In our previous communication, 27 we proposed the practical nitrogen monoxide ͑NO͒ gas sensor based on two types of solid electrolytes with the auxiliary electrode of nitrite-doped rare earth oxide-based refractory oxide. As the electrolyte component for the sensor, it should possess reasonably high ion conductivity with holding high thermal stability. During our studies on trivalent cation conductors, we clarified that the Al 3ϩ ion conducting phosphate solid possesses the highest ion conductivity showing as high thermal stability as 1300°C 28 and the NO gas sensor was fabricated with the newly developed trivalent Al 3ϩ ion conducting phosphate-based solid and oxide-based yttria stabilized zirconia ͑YSZ͒ with the rare earth oxide-based auxiliary electrode.In this article, the most suitable rare earth-based auxiliary electrode was selected and it was combined with Al 3ϩ cation and O 2Ϫ anion conducting solid electrolytes as the sensor component. Here, we have succeeded in developing the gas sensor suitable for sensing the total nitrogen oxides gas, that is, both NO and NO 2 and its sensing performance is examined in detail. ExperimentalStarting materials of Al͑OH) 3 , ZrO͑NO 3 ) 2 •2H 2 O, Nb 2 O 5 and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 were mixed in a molar ratio of 8:32:19:114 in an ...

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“…Therefore, the C-type structure is expected to be the most suitable candidate for forming the interstitially inserted solid solution of rare earth oxide with potassium nitrate. Among the various solid solutions, the Gd 2 O 3 -KNO 3 system exhibits the highest K + ion conductivity, comparable to that of K + -β"-alumina single crystal [44], reported to be one of the best K + ion conducting solid electrolytes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

The development of novel trivalent ion conducting solids and their application for gas sensors

Imanaka

Tamura

2009

J Electroceram

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An exceptionally high Al 3+ ion conducting polycrystalline solid based on the NASICON type structure was successfully realized within the system (Al x Zr 1−x ) 4/(4−x) Nb (PO 4 ) 3 . The partial substitution of the smaller higher valent Nb 5+ ion for Zr 4+ helped stabilize and accommodate the mobile Al 3+ ion into the NASICON like structure. The addition of boron oxide to the Al 3+ ion conducting solid electrolyte, as a sintering additive, aided in the achievement of satisfactory mechanical strength and density for practical use. Environmental gas sensors were fabricated by combining the (Al x Zr 1−x ) 4/(4−x) Nb(PO 4 ) 3 solid electrolyte with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and appropriate auxiliary electrodes. The Nernst-like electrochemical sensors demonstrated rapid and reproducible response to CO 2 and NOx, thereby promising excellent potential for environmental monitoring applications.1 Novel trivalent ion conducting solids IntroductionSolid electrolytes are representative of functional materials with important industrial applications including batteries, fuel cells and sensors. A key outstanding characteristic of these materials is that only a single ionic species can rapidly migrate in these solids [1,2]. However, until recently, highly conducting ions have been largely limited to mono or divalent ionic species. Trivalent rare earth (RE) ions, ion exchanged with Na + in some systems, are reported to exhibit reasonably high levels of conductivity. However, a significant Na + ion residue remains, contributing to mixed RE 3+ and Na + conduction [3]. As a consequence, purely highly trivalent ion conducting solids have not been realized until recently.In 1995, a solid exhibiting highly conducting Sc 3+ ions was demonstrated for Sc 2 (WO 4 ) 3 single crystals [4]. This was followed by the identification, by our group, of solids which conduct predominantly by Al 3+ [5], In 3+ [6], and other rare earth ion species [7][8][9][10][11]. The tungstate series (M 2 (WO 4 ) 3 ), has a quasi-two dimensional layered structure, suitable for ion migration in the crystal structure. In addition, hexa-valent tungsten ions strongly bond to oxide ions, as a result, the M 3+ ions are able to migrate readily in the layered structure. Among trivalent cations, probably the most important industrially is the common metal ion Al 3+ given its importance in the manufacture of light weight structural elements, beverage containers, oxidation resistant structures, etc. The first trivalent Al 3+ ion conductor reported by us was in the above introduced Al 2 (WO 4 ) 3 system, with an electrical conductivity of 3.2 × 10 −6 S·cm −1 at 600°C [5]. This remains considerably below > 10 −4 S·cm −1 , a value more in line with values exhibited by commercialized solid electrolytes such as yttria stabilized (YSZ) and calcia stabilized zirconia (CSZ) [12].For the purpose of realizing a practical Al 3+ ion conducting solid electrolyte, NASICON (denotes Na + Super Ion CONductor) [13], composed of a three dimensional network structure that is more suitable...

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High temperature conductivity of potassium-β″-alumina

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

High-Voltage, Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Flow Battery Enabled by Na-K|K-β″-Alumina Stability

High-Voltage, Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Flow Battery Enabled by Na-K|K-β″-Alumina Stability

Total Nitrogen Oxides Gas Sensor Based on Solid Electrolytes with Refractory Oxide-Based Auxiliary Electrode

The development of novel trivalent ion conducting solids and their application for gas sensors

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