High‐Throughput Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Predicting Quantitative and Qualitative Composition Phenotypes of Individual Maize Kernels

Spielbauer, Gertraud; Armstrong, Paul R.; Baier, John; Allen, William B.; Richardson, Katina; Shen, Bo; Settles, A. Mark

doi:10.1094/cchem-86-5-0556

Cited by 84 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This is in contrast to rice, where a single mutant lacking function of the pdk1 homolog caused an opaque phenotype (24). Single-kernel near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra predicted starch, protein, and oil content, as well as density, in the segregating populations (27,28). No consistent differences between wild-type and mutant siblings were observed regarding composition, although NIR spectra differences correlated with elevated density in pdk2-DsEx4 homozygous kernels (SI Appendix, Table S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Lappe

Baier

Boehlein

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Maize opaque2 (o2) mutations are beneficial for endosperm nutritional quality but cause negative pleiotropic effects for reasons that are not fully understood. Direct targets of the bZIP transcriptional regulator encoded by o2 include pdk1 and pdk2 that specify pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK). This enzyme reversibly converts AMP, pyrophosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate to ATP, orthophosphate, and pyruvate and provides diverse functions in plants. This study addressed PPDK function in maize starchy endosperm where it is highly abundant during grain fill. pdk1 and pdk2 were inactivated individually by transposon insertions, and both genes were simultaneously targeted by endosperm-specific RNAi. pdk2 accounts for the large majority of endosperm PPDK, whereas pdk1 specifies the abundant mesophyll form. The pdk1- mutation is seedling-lethal, indicating that C4 photosynthesis is essential in maize. RNAi expression in transgenic endosperm eliminated detectable PPDK protein and enzyme activity. Transgenic kernels weighed the same on average as nontransgenic siblings, with normal endosperm starch and total N contents, indicating that PPDK is not required for net storage compound synthesis. An opaque phenotype resulted from complete PPDK knockout, including loss of vitreous endosperm character similar to the phenotype conditioned by o2-. Concentrations of multiple glycolytic intermediates were elevated in transgenic endosperm, energy charge was altered, and starch granules were more numerous but smaller on average than normal. The data indicate that PPDK modulates endosperm metabolism, potentially through reversible adjustments to energy charge, and reveal that o2- mutations can affect the opaque phenotype through regulation of PPDK in addition to their previously demonstrated effects on storage protein gene expression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Lappe

Baier

Boehlein

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Seed weights were collected from an automated microbalance as described by Spielbauer et al (2009). Kernels were ground to a fine meal using a mortar and pestle.…”

Section: Quantitative Kernel Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

MaizeRough Endosperm3Encodes an RNA Splicing Factor Required for Endosperm Cell Differentiation and Has a Nonautonomous Effect on Embryo Development

et al. 2011

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Endosperm and embryo development are coordinated via epigenetic regulation and signaling between these tissues. In maize (Zea mays), the endosperm-embryo signals are not known, but endosperm cellularization is a key event for embryos to form shoots and roots. We screened seed mutants for nonautonomous functions in endosperm and embryo development with genetically nonconcordant seeds and identified the recessive mutant rough endosperm3 (rgh3). The wild-type Rgh3 allele is required in the endosperm for embryos to develop and has an autonomous role in embryo and seedling development. Endosperm cell differentiation is defective in rgh3. Results from endosperm cell culture indicate that rgh3 mutants remain in a proliferative state through mid-seed development. Rgh3 encodes the maize U2AF 35 Related Protein (URP), an RNA splicing factor involved in both U2 and U12 splicing. The Rgh3 allele produces at least 19 alternative splice variants with only one isoform encoding a full-length ortholog to URP. The full-length RGH3a isoform localizes to the nucleolus and displays a speckled pattern within the nucleoplasm, and RGH3a colocalizes with U2AF 65 . A survey of alternatively spliced transcripts found that, in the rgh3 mutant, a fraction of noncanonical splicing events are altered. Our findings suggest that differentiation of maize endosperm cell types is necessary for embryos to develop. The molecular cloning of Rgh3 suggests that alternative RNA splicing is needed for cell differentiation, development, and plant viability.

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“…As can be seen from the interaction plot ( Figure 6), SNV accompanied with other combinations of preprocessing decrease the predictive ability of weight calibrations. This preprocessing method also affects calibrations developed with absolute units, 20 which suggests that SNV attenuates the effects of seed size and thus negatively affects the prediction of seed weight. Conversely, SNV tends to improve oil and protein prediction for composition expressed in percent thanks to the removal of unnecessary spectral information induced by seed size.…”

Section: Journal Of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Single Soybean Seed Attributes by Near-Infrared Technologies. A Comparative Study

Agelet

Armstrong

Clariana

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Four near-infrared spectrophotometers, and their associated spectral collection methods, were tested and compared for measuring three soybean single-seed attributes: weight (g), protein (%), and oil (%). Using partial least-squares (PLS) and four preprocessing methods, the attribute that was significantly most easily predicted was seed weight (RPD > 3 on average) and protein the least. The performance of all instruments differed from each other. Performances for oil and protein predictions were correlated with the instrument sampling system, with the best predictions using spectra taken from more than one seed angle. This was facilitated by the seed spinning or tumbling during spectral collection as opposed to static sampling methods. From the preprocessing methods utilized, no single one gave the best overall performances but weight measurements were often more successful with raw spectra, whereas protein and oil predictions were often enhanced by SNV and SNV + detrending. ABSTRACT: Four near-infrared spectrophotometers, and their associated spectral collection methods, were tested and compared for measuring three soybean single-seed attributes: weight (g), protein (%), and oil (%). Using partial least-squares (PLS) and four preprocessing methods, the attribute that was significantly most easily predicted was seed weight (RPD > 3 on average) and protein the least. The performance of all instruments differed from each other. Performances for oil and protein predictions were correlated with the instrument sampling system, with the best predictions using spectra taken from more than one seed angle. This was facilitated by the seed spinning or tumbling during spectral collection as opposed to static sampling methods. From the preprocessing methods utilized, no single one gave the best overall performances but weight measurements were often more successful with raw spectra, whereas protein and oil predictions were often enhanced by SNV and SNV + detrending.

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High‐Throughput Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Predicting Quantitative and Qualitative Composition Phenotypes of Individual Maize Kernels

Cited by 84 publications

References 39 publications

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

MaizeRough Endosperm3Encodes an RNA Splicing Factor Required for Endosperm Cell Differentiation and Has a Nonautonomous Effect on Embryo Development

Measurement of Single Soybean Seed Attributes by Near-Infrared Technologies. A Comparative Study

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