High-throughput profiling of metabolic responses to exogenous nutrients in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Abstract

Cyanobacteria fix carbon dioxide and release carbon-containing compounds into the wider ecosystem, yet they are sensitive to small metabolites that may impact their growth and physiology. Several cyanobacteria can grow mixotrophically, but we currently lack a molecular understanding of how specific nutrients may alter the compounds they release, limiting our knowledge of how environmental factors might impact primary producers and the ecosystems they support. In this study, we develop a high-throughput phytoplankton culturing platform and identify how the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 responds to nutrient supplementation. We assess growth responses to 32 nutrients at two concentrations, identifying 15 that are utilized mixotrophically. Seven nutrient sources significantly enhance growth, while 19 elicit negative growth responses at one or both concentrations. High-throughput exometabolomics indicates that oxidative stress limits Synechocystis’ growth but may be alleviated by antioxidant metabolites. Furthermore, glucose and valine induce strong changes in metabolite exudation in a possible effort to correct pathway imbalances or maintain intracellular elemental ratios. This study sheds light on the flexibility and limits of cyanobacterial physiology and metabolism, as well as how primary production and trophic food webs may be modulated by exogenous nutrients. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria capture and release carbon compounds to fuel microbial food webs, yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of how external nutrients modify their behavior and what they produce. We developed a high throughput culturing platform to evaluate how the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 responds to a broad panel of externally supplied nutrients. We found that growth may be enhanced by metabolites that protect against oxidative stress, and growth and exudate profiles are altered by metabolites that interfere with central carbon metabolism and elemental ratios. This work contributes a holistic perspective of the versatile response of Synechocystis to externally supplied nutrients, which may alter carbon flux into the wider ecosystem.