High-Voltage CMOS Active Pixel Sensor

Perić, I.; Andreazza, A.; Augustin, Heiko; Barbero, M.; Benoit, M.; Casanova, R.; Ehrler, F.; Iacobucci, G.; Leys, Richard; Gonzalez, Annie Meneses; Pangaud, P.; Prathapan, Mridula; Schimassek, Rudolf; Schöning, A.; Figueras, Eva Vilella; Weber, A.; Weber, M.; Wong, Winnie; Zhang, Hui

doi:10.1109/jssc.2021.3061760

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…When tuning, a value stored in the RAM can be configured to change the local comparator threshold of each individual pixel, making the detection threshold, or the value at which the trigger threshold results in 50% probability of detection, as small as possible. Optimizing the detection threshold for each pixel results in improved detector performance [4]. Tuning is possible for MIP detections where the energy deposits are known, but the energy range of photon sources that ATLASPix used meant that the tuning process was not effective for our measurements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This co-integration of readout electronics with the sensitive area of the detector makes it possible to amplify the signal right at the source, reducing the noise of the readout. The isolation of the n-well from the p-substrate permits a high bias voltage to be applied to the substrate, allowing for the detector volume to be fully depleted [4]. The ATLASPix Simple matrix was used for these initial characterization tests [17]; this detector version consists of four matrices of 25 by 100 pixels, with each matrix stacked vertically and chained together to create an active area of 25 by 400 pixels.…”

Section: Atlaspix: a Prototype For Next-generation Gammaray Missionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing the Future of Gamma-ray Astrophysics with Monolithic Silicon Pixels

Brewer,

Negro,

Striebig

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This paper explores the potential of AstroPix, a project to develop Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) pixels for the next generation of space-based high-energy astrophysics experiments. Multimessenger astrophysics is a rapidly developing field whose upcoming missions need support from new detector technology such as AstroPix. ATLASPix, a monolithic silicon detector optimized for the ATLAS particle detector at CERN, is the beginning of the larger AstroPix project. Energy resolution is a driving parameter in the reconstruction of gamma-ray events, and therefore the characterization of ATLASPix energy resolution is the focus of this paper. The intrinsic energy resolution of the detector exceeded our baseline requirements of <10% at 60 keV. The digital output of ATLASPix results in energy resolutions insufficient to advance gamma-ray astronomy. However, the results from the intrinsic energy resolution indicate the digital capability of the detector can be redesigned, and the next generation of pixels for the larger AstroPix project have already been constructed. Iterations of AstroPix-type pixels are an exciting new technology candidate to support new space-based missions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atlaspix: a Prototype For Next-generation Gammaray Missionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing the Future of Gamma-ray Astrophysics with Monolithic Silicon Pixels

Brewer,

Negro,

Striebig

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…AMEGO-X leverages >10 years of development in CMOS monolithic active pixel silicon detectors from ground-based particle physics experiments 101 – 104 By optimizing these APSs for space applications 100 , 105 the detectors enable observations at lower photon energies, achieve an overall increase in sensitivity, and are simpler to integrate compared with previous silicon detector technologies.…”

Section: Amego-x Gamma-ray Telescopementioning

confidence: 99%

All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer mission concept

Caputo

Ajello

Kierans

et al. 2022

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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The All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X) is designed to identify and characterize gamma rays from extreme explosions and accelerators. The main science themes include supermassive black holes and their connections to neutrinos and cosmic rays; binary neutron star mergers and the relativistic jets they produce; cosmic ray particle acceleration sources including galactic supernovae; continuous monitoring of other astrophysical events and sources over the full sky in this important energy range. AMEGO-X will probe the medium energy gamma-ray band using a single instrument with sensitivity up to an order of magnitude greater than previous telescopes in the energy range 100 keV to 1 GeV that can be only realized in space. During its 3-year baseline mission, AMEGO-X will observe nearly the entire sky every two orbits, building up a sensitive all-sky map of gamma-ray sources and emissions. AMEGO-X was submitted in the recent 2021 NASA MIDEX announcement of opportunity.

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“…AMEGO-X leverages more than 10 yr of development in CMOS monolithic APS technology from the ground-based particle physics experiments (Perić et al 2021). The tracker detectors are based on the AstroPix project (Brewer et al 2021), which has optimized the ATLASPix detector design (Peric 2012) for gamma-ray applications.…”

Section: The Amego-x Missionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Low-energy Transient Sensitivity of AMEGO-X using Single-site Events

Martínez-Castellanos

Fleischhack

Karwin

et al. 2022

ApJ

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AMEGO-X, the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer, is a proposed instrument designed to bridge the so-called “MeV gap” by surveying the sky with unprecedented sensitivity from ∼100 keV to about 1 GeV. This energy band is of key importance for multimessenger and multiwavelength studies but it is nevertheless currently underexplored. AMEGO-X addresses this situation by proposing a design capable of detecting and imaging gamma rays via both Compton interactions and pair production processes. However, some of the objects that AMEGO-X will study, such as gamma-ray bursts and magnetars, extend to energies below ∼100 keV where the dominant interaction becomes photoelectric absorption. These events deposit their energy in a single pixel of the detector. In this work we show how the ∼3500 cm2 effective area of the AMEGO-X tracker to events between ∼25 and ∼100 keV will be utilized to significantly improve its sensitivity and expand the energy range for transient phenomena. Although imaging is not possible for single-site events, we show how we will localize a transient source in the sky using their aggregate signal to within a few degrees. This technique will more than double the number of cosmological gamma-ray bursts seen by AMEGO-X, allow us to detect and resolve the pulsating tails of extragalactic magnetar giant flares, and increase the number of detected less-energetic magnetar bursts—some possibly associated with fast radio bursts. Overall, single-site events will increase the sensitive energy range, expand the science program, and promptly alert the community of fainter transient events.

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High-Voltage CMOS Active Pixel Sensor

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Developing the Future of Gamma-ray Astrophysics with Monolithic Silicon Pixels

Developing the Future of Gamma-ray Astrophysics with Monolithic Silicon Pixels

All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer mission concept

Improving the Low-energy Transient Sensitivity of AMEGO-X using Single-site Events

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