High Volume Exercise Training in Older Athletes Influences Inflammatory and Redox Responses to Acute Exercise

Estrela, André Luiz; Zaparte, Aline; Silva, Jeferson D da; Moreira, José Cláudio Fonseca; Turner, James; Bauer, Moisés Evandro

doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0219

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…However, we observed no relationships between self-reported physical activity levels and IL-6, IL-10, or TNF-α changes in response to exercise. These findings support previous observations in older individuals (Estrela et al, 2017 ). Estrela et al ( 2017 ) found no difference in the IL-6 or TNF-α response to two successive bouts of maximal exercise between marathon runners with higher (~480 min/week) and lower training volumes (~240 min/week) (Estrela et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These findings support previous observations in older individuals (Estrela et al, 2017 ). Estrela et al ( 2017 ) found no difference in the IL-6 or TNF-α response to two successive bouts of maximal exercise between marathon runners with higher (~480 min/week) and lower training volumes (~240 min/week) (Estrela et al, 2017 ). Taken together, the findings of the current study and those reported previously suggest that neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor physical activity levels alter the acute cytokine responses to exercise in healthy older adults, and these findings appear to be consistent following both maximal and submaximal exercise.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The cytokine concentrations observed in the current study are unlikely to have been altered by a prior exercise bout, as the participants were asked to refrain from exercise or strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to each experimental visit. While high physical activity levels such as those seen in the higher-fit group are typically considered to be beneficial for immune function (Estrela et al, 2017 ; Minuzzi et al, 2017 ), a U-shaped relationship between physical activity levels and infection (and subsequent inflammation) risk has also previously been proposed (Walsh et al, 2011 ; Gleeson and Walsh, 2012 ; Turner, 2016 ). Specifically, circulating inflammatory markers, such as IL-6, may be elevated in those undertaking heavy training loads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokine Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Older Adults: The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

et al. 2018

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Markers of chronic inflammation increase with aging, and are associated with cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality. Increases in fitness with exercise training have been associated with lower circulating concentrations of cytokines known to have pro-inflammatory actions (such as interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and higher circulating concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 [IL-10]). However, the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on acute cytokine responses to a single bout of exercise in healthy older individuals is unknown. We compared the response of plasma cytokines IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10 to a bout of moderate-intensity continuous and higher-intensity interval exercise between older individuals with higher and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Sixteen lower-fit (VO2peak: 22.6±2.8 mL.kg−1.min−1) and fourteen higher-fit participants (VO2peak: 37.4±5.9 mL.kg−1.min−1) completed three 24 min experimental protocols in a randomized order: (1) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (40% of peak power output [PPO]); (2) higher-intensity interval exercise (12 × 1 min intervals at 70% PPO separated by 1 min periods at 10% PPO); or (3) non-exercise control. Plasma cytokines were measured at rest, immediately after, and during 90 min of recovery following exercise or control. Plasma IL-6 concentrations at baseline were greater in the higher-fit compared to the lower-fit group (P = 0.02), with no difference in plasma IL-10 or TNF-α concentrations at baseline between groups. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in both groups increased immediately after all protocols (IL-6: P = 0.02, IL-10: P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in the IL-6 and IL-10 response between the exercise and non-exercise (control) protocols. After all protocols, no changes in plasma TNF-α concentrations were observed in either the higher- or lower-fit groups. In this study, basal concentrations of circulating IL-6 were elevated in older individuals with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, changes in plasma cytokine concentrations after exercise were not different to changes after non-exercise control in both the lower- and higher-fit groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokine Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Older Adults: The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

et al. 2018

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“…4,5 A reduction in the availability of carbohydrates for exercise stimulates the release of IL-6 as it can assist in the maintenance of serum glucose levels during exercise. 5 IL-6 is an important marker since an increase in its concentration is associated with an increase in the levels of acute-phase inflammatory proteins, such as C-reactive protein, 6 the risk of cardiovascular events, 7 and the process of rupture or erosion of atherogenic plaques. 8 Among men, IL-6 is associated with the risk of myocardial ischemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 The majority of studies reported in the literature on this theme evaluated session (bout) exercise or a long-distance test (marathon, half-marathon, or 164km of cycling) and showed an increase in the levels of IL-6 released into blood vessels. [6][7][8] However, chronic training could reduce the release of IL-6 by skeletal muscle because exercise improves the energy performance of the myocytes. 10 Maintaining IL-6 concentrations promotes homeostasis in the inflammatory response and better use of the energy framework without damaging the myocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Acute Changes in Interleukin-6 Level During Four Days of Long-Distance Walking</p>

Soares

Avelar²,

Venâncio

et al. 2020

JIR

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Background Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has an inflammatory effect, and its concentration in serum increases during exercise. However, no studies have assessed acute changes in IL-6 concentration after consecutive days of extreme and long-term exercise. Objective This study aimed to assess acute changes in serum IL-6 concentration during four days of long-distance walking. Methods This prospective observational study assessed 25 athletes (aged 44.8 ± 9.1 years), who covered a total of 251 km in four days. Blood samples were collected daily to assess serum IL-6 concentrations. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (with Bonferroni’s post hoc test) and the Kruskal–Wallis H -test (with Dunn’s post hoc test) were used to investigate the differences between the measures. Results The serum IL-6 concentrations were higher on the four days of walking (1st day: 26.8 ± 14.8; 2nd day: 14 ± 7.4; 3rd day: 9.4 ± 10.8; 4th day: 4.5 ± 0.2 pg/mL) when compared to pre-walk values (pre-walk: 2.2 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p < 0.001). On the first day, there was a tenfold increase compared to the pre-walk value. Conclusion The inflammatory response increased the serum concentration of IL-6 after four days of exercise. With the passing of days, there were reductions but not to baseline values.

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Performance and Pacing of Age Groups in Half-Marathon and Marathon

Nikolaidis

Čuk

Rosemann

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The aim of the present study was to examine the age-related differences in performance and pacing in a half-marathon compared to a marathon. All finishers (n = 9137) in the Ljubljana 2017 half-marathon (n = 7258) and marathon (n = 1853) with available data on split times during the races, were analysed for pacing. Half-marathoners were slower than marathoners among women, (2.77 ± 0.35 versus 2.86 ± 0.39 m·s−1 respectively, p < 0.001), but faster among men (3.14 ± 0.45 versus 3.08 ± 0.46 m·s−1 respectively, p < 0.001). In both race distances, the <25 age group was the fastest and the >54 age group the slowest (p < 0.001). All age groups presented a positive pacing in both race distances and genders, with each segment being slower than the previous one. However, an end spurt was observed in the marathon, but not in the half-marathon. A more even pace in the half-marathon than in the marathon was shown for most age groups. In summary, age-group finishers in the half-marathon decreased running speed across the race, presented a more even pacing than marathoners, and did not show an end spurt.

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High Volume Exercise Training in Older Athletes Influences Inflammatory and Redox Responses to Acute Exercise

Cited by 4 publications

References 75 publications

Cytokine Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Older Adults: The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Cytokine Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Older Adults: The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness

<p>Acute Changes in Interleukin-6 Level During Four Days of Long-Distance Walking</p>

Performance and Pacing of Age Groups in Half-Marathon and Marathon

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