Higher body mass index and lower intake of dairy products predict poor glycaemic control among Type 2 Diabetes patients in Malaysia

Abstract

This cross-sectional study was designed to determine factors contributing to glyceamic control in order to provide better understanding of diabetes management among Type 2 Diabetes patients. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographic and medical history. As a proxy measure for glycaemic control, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was obtained as secondary data from the medical reports. Perceived self-care barrier on diabetes management, diet knowledge and skills, and diet quality were assessed using pretested instruments. With a response rate of 80.3%, 155 subjects were recruited for the study. Mean HbA1c level of the subjects was 9.02 ± 2.25% with more than 70% not able to achieve acceptable level in accordance to WHO recommendation. Diet quality of the subjects was unsatisfactory especially for vegetables, fruits, fish and legumes as well as from the milk and dairy products group. Higher body mass index (BMI), poorer medication compliance, lower diet knowledge and skill scores and lower intake of milk and dairy products contributed significantly on poor glycaemic control. In conclusion, while perceived self-care barriers and diet quality failed to predict HbA1c, good knowledge and skill ability, together with appropriate BMI and adequate intake of dairy products should be emphasized to optimize glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes patients.

Linear regression and the normality assumption

“…Unlike violations of the normality assumption these issues impact results irrespective of sample size. As an illustrative example the association between years since type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis and HbA1c (outcome) is considered [5].…”

Hubungan antara Konsumsi Susu dan Produk Olahannya dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 : Review Literatur

“…18,19 Di Malaysia, diabetes melitus tipe 2 berhubungan dengan skor HbA1c (p<0,05). 20 Di Spanyol, konsumsi susu ≤14 kali dalam seminggu berhubungan dengan diabetes melitus (p<0,05). 21 Di Belanda, jenis produk olahan susu yang dikonsumsi lebih bervariasi dibandingkan dengan Malaysia dan Spanyol.…”

“…Kebiasaan minum susu untuk budaya timur masih kurang dibandingkan dengan budaya barat. 20 Selain itu, faktor lain yang dapat menjadi penyebab rendahnya konsumsi susu ialah rendahnya tingkat produksi susu dan produk olahannya. Hal ini disebabkan karena produksi susu olahan segar cair, baik Ultra High Temperature (UHT) ataupun pasteurisasi masih sedikit diproduksi dibandingkan dengan susu olahan bubuk.…”

“…Hasil penelitian di Malaysia menyebutkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsumsi produk dairy, maka risiko DMT2 menurun sebesar 0,6 kali. 20 Sementara hasil penelitian di Spanyol menyebutkan apabila konsumsi produk dairy ≤14 kali/minggu dapat meningkatkan risiko DMT2 1,27 kali. 21 Di Belanda Bagian Selatan, mengonsumsi total dairy ≥187,6 gram/hari (atau setara dengan segelas susu) bersifat protektif terhadap DMT2 dibandingkan dengan mengonsumsi ≤87,5 gram/hari.…”

Poor glycaemic control and its metabolic and demographic risk factors in a Malaysian community-based study

“…The T2DM challenge facing Malaysia is the same as that facing many LMICs: to find cost-effective ways to manage prevalent cases of diabetes within a health-care system originally designed for serial acute care (Allotey et al 2011;Mustapha et al 2014). There have been a handful of studies on glycaemic control in Malaysia (Ismail et al 2011;Mahmood et al 2016;Shu et al 2017). These have been restricted to clinical populations, used inconsistent measures of glycaemic control, and in most cases utilised quite small sample sizes.…”