Higher Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Stunting but not Overweight and Obesity in a Sample of Urban Malaysian Children

Shariff, Zalilah Mohd; Lin, Khor Geok; Sariman, Sarina; Chin, Yit Siew; Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Mohd; Chan, Yoke Mun; Lee, Huang Soo; Mohamad, Maznorila

doi:10.1080/03670244.2016.1181065

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, Wright et al (2019) revealed that inadequate nutrient intake from high energydense food become Australian Aboriginal children favourite, which was about 45-49%. In contrast, a study by Zalilah et al (2016) found that Malaysian urban children consumed highcalorie food, mainly from fat food sources (p < 0.001) and less energy contribution from carbohydrates and sugar (p < 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Consistently, Lôpo, Leonor Silva and Veigas (2019) had shown that there is no association between diet and the nutritional status of elementary school children at Sintra. Similarly, Zalilah et al (2016) also have reported an insignificant relationship between calorie intake and weight (WAZ) or even BMI (BAZ) of the children. In contrast to the current finding, Zalilah et al (2016) revealed a significant relationship between high-calorie intake and children's growth status, where the study showed that high-calorie intake was associated with stunting (HAZ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Similarly, Zalilah et al (2016) also have reported an insignificant relationship between calorie intake and weight (WAZ) or even BMI (BAZ) of the children. In contrast to the current finding, Zalilah et al (2016) revealed a significant relationship between high-calorie intake and children's growth status, where the study showed that high-calorie intake was associated with stunting (HAZ). A study by Joe et al (2019) in India found that HAZ was related to calorie (r 5 À0.129, p < 0.000), protein (r 5 0.147; p < 0.000) and fat (r 5 0.126; p < 0.000) intakes but not related to WAZ indices (Joe et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Gender and age differences in the relationship between calorie, macronutrients intake and growth status of school-aged Aboriginal children at Labu, Negeri Sembilan

Kuralneethi

Sariman

Ulaganathan

2020

BFJ

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PurposeThis study aimed to determine the relationship between calorie and macronutrients intake and the growth status of Aboriginal children based on gender and age group.Design/methodology/approachThis was a cross-sectional study participated by 85 school-aged Aboriginal children at Labu, Negeri Sembilan. The dietary intake and socioeconomic status data were collected from the parents using an interviewer administrated structured-questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. WHO AnthroPlus software was used to determine the z-score of weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ) and body mass index (BMI) for age (BAZ).FindingsThe mean fat intake was significantly higher among younger children (i.e. 7–9 years old) as compared to elder children (i.e. 10–12 years old) (40.7 ± 17.3 g vs 32.0 ± 13.8 g; t = 2.496, p = 0.015) but not for the mean intake of calorie (1816.1 ± 979.9 kcal vs 1566.3 ± 808.7 kcal; t = 1.248, p = 0.216), protein (50.13 ± 20.08 g vs 44.94 ± 16.45 g; t = 1.269, p = 0.208) and carbohydrates (198.0 ± 63.0 g vs 190.8 ± 66.1 g; t = 0.513, p = 0.609). The majority of the respondents did not meet recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for the calorie (65.9%) and fat (75.3%). A significantly higher proportion of elder children did not meet RNI for fat as compared to younger children (88.8% vs 65.3%; X2 = 6.21, p = 0.021). The HAZ showed that 28.2% (n = 24) of the Aboriginal children were stunted, while WAZ showed that 14.8% (n = 9) of the Aboriginal students were underweight, and 8.2% of them were overweight. Based on BAZ classification, 15.4% (n = 6) of boys and 2.2% (n = 1) of girls were overweight. There is no significant correlation between calories and macronutrients and growth status of the children.Originality/valueAlthough the under-nutrition status among Aboriginal children is still a highlighted issue, the few over-nutrition statuses among Aborigines should be taken into count, especially in term of energy and macronutrient intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Gender and age differences in the relationship between calorie, macronutrients intake and growth status of school-aged Aboriginal children at Labu, Negeri Sembilan

Kuralneethi

Sariman

Ulaganathan

2020

BFJ

Self Cite

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“…We used the WHO growth charts [ 36 ] to construct three indicators: height-for-age z -scores (HAZ), weight-for-age z -scores (WAZ), and weight-for-height z -scores (WHZ). WAZ and WHZ are linked to recent or brief changes in diet, whereas HAZ is linked to the effects of longer-term, cumulative nutritional investments as well as illnesses [ 37 ]. Low HAZ scores indicate stunting, low WAZ scores indicate underweightness, and low WHZ scores indicate wasting (for all indicators, the cutoff for “low” is below—2 standard deviations under the mean [ 38 ]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Infant/Toddler Anemia a Problem across Rural China? A Mixed-Methods Analysis

Wang

Sun

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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In the past, iron-deficiency anemia in children has had a widespread presence in rural China. Given the recent economic growth in China, it is unclear if anemia among infants/toddlers remains a problem. The objective of this study is to measure the anemia rate in rural Chinese infants/toddlers across four major subpopulations and attempt to discover the sources of anemia. We use a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data on 2909 rural Chinese infants/toddlers and their families with qualitative interviews with 84 caregivers of infants aged 6 to 30 months. Quantitative analysis indicates that the overall prevalence of anemia (43%) within sampled infants/toddlers was high, especially in comparison to the low rates of stunting (2–5%), being underweight (2%), and wasting (2–4%). These findings suggest that in rural China, anemia stems from the poor quality of the diets of infants/toddlers, rather than insufficient quantities of food being consumed. Qualitative analysis illustrates the factors that are contributing to anemia. Caregivers do not understand the causes of this condition, the symptoms that would lead one to recognize this condition, or the steps needed to treat their child with this condition. The findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the limited awareness of anemia among rural Chinese caregivers.

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“…This is not surprising as poor dietary intake may impede the process of catch-up growth, which in turn leads to underweight, stunting or both ( 1 ). Similarly, a study in urban Malaysian children found that stunting was associated with a diet with higher energy density, whereby a higher dietary energy density was associated with lower carbohydrate, sugar, vitamins C and D, and calcium intakes but higher in fat, fiber, iron, and folate intakes ( 29 ). Thus, in addition to increasing energy intake, it is also important to attain minimal meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors in young children in Malaysia: A nationwide survey

Lee

Jalaludin

Khoh³

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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IntroductionUndernutrition in young children is a significant public health problem globally. We determined the prevalence of and factors predisposing to stunting and underweight in children aged 1 to 5 years in Malaysia.Materials and methodsData were extracted from a cross-sectional nationwide campaign involving healthy children aged 1–5 years conducted over a 4-month period in 2019. We obtained information on demography, parental height and risk factors of undernutrition and anthropometric measurements (height and weight) of children enrolled. Age and sex-specific z-score for length/height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), body mass index (BMI) z-score (BAZ) and weight-for-height/length (WFH) z-score (WFHZ) were obtained using World Health Organization growth standards. The following definitions were used: (a) HAZ < −2 SD as stunted and −2 to −1 SD as at risk of stunting; (b) WFHZ < −3 SD as severe, −3 to < −2 SD as moderate wasting, and −2 to < +1 SD as normal; (c) WAZ −2 to −1 as at risk of underweight; (d) BAZ +1 to < +2 SD as at risk of and > +2 SD as overweight.ResultsOf the 15,331 children surveyed, prevalence of stunting and at risk of stunting were 16.1 and 20.0%, severe and moderate wasting were 4.0 and 6.1%, while 21.1% was at risk of underweight. Prevalence of at risk of and overweight 14.2 and 7.3%, respectively. One in fifth (25.0%) children had at least one form of undernutrition (stunting and/or underweight/wasting). Of the 1,412 (13.2%) children reported to have risk factors of undernutrition, 47.2% had feeding difficulties, 44.8% had poor dietary intake and 8.0% had both. Boys, paternal height < 156 cm and poor dietary intake were significantly associated with stunting and/or wasting. Compared with children with no risk factors, children with feeding difficulties were more likely to be wasted (AOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18–1.85), and had at least one form of undernutrition (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25–1.69).ConclusionsIn Malaysian children aged 1 to 5 years, dual burden of under- and overnutrition are common. Poor dietary intake and feeding difficulties were risk factors for undernutrition.

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Higher Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Stunting but not Overweight and Obesity in a Sample of Urban Malaysian Children

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Gender and age differences in the relationship between calorie, macronutrients intake and growth status of school-aged Aboriginal children at Labu, Negeri Sembilan

Gender and age differences in the relationship between calorie, macronutrients intake and growth status of school-aged Aboriginal children at Labu, Negeri Sembilan

Is Infant/Toddler Anemia a Problem across Rural China? A Mixed-Methods Analysis

Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors in young children in Malaysia: A nationwide survey

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