Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study in humans

Carroll, Harriet; Davis, Mark; Papadaki, Angeliki

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.06.015

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The non-linear trend found in this study may be indicative of polydipsia experienced with poor (yet undiagnosed) glycaemic control. As we excluded those with T2D, this effect may not have been present in our analysis, providing a clearer linear trend, supporting the findings of Carroll et al (12) , who also found a linear association between lower plain water intake and higher T2D risk. Pan et al (11) specifically studied women and found no association, which is also in agreement with our sex-stratified analyses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

2016

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The aim of this study was to analyse the association between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c) in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012) rolling survey. These data included diet (4-d diaries) and HbA1c (fasted blood sample) measures of 456 men and 579 women aged 44 (sd 18) years with full information on covariates of interest (age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, education, other beverage intake, energy intake and fibre). Data were analysed using sex-stratified linear and logistic regressions modelling the associations of cups per d (240 ml) of plain water with HbA1c, and odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %, respectively. Substitution analyses modelled the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice and artificially sweetened beverages with plain water. After adjustment, 1 cup/d of plain water was associated with a −0·04 % lower HbA1c (95 % CI −0·07, −0·02) in men. In logistic regression, men had a 22 % (95 % CI 10, 32 %) reduced odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %/cup per d of plain water. There was no evidence of an association with either HbA1c or odds of HbA1c≥5·5 % in women. None of the substitution models was associated with a change in odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %. Plain water intake was associated with lower HbA1c in men but not in women. Substituting water for specific beverages was not associated with a reduced odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %, suggesting that the addition of water is the more pertinent factor. Future trials should test whether the relationships between water intake and HbA1c is causal as this could be a cost-effective and simple health intervention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

2016

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“…After reading the abstracts another seven trials were excluded: a) three were not RCTs or cross -over trials ( [8], [9], [10]) b) one trial compared alcoholic beverages and water [11] c) three reviews investigated the correlation between water intake and its influence on body weight and health, but failed to cite RCTs on risk of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance ([12], [13], [5]). Therefore, three RCTs and two cross -over trials were left for review ([14], [15], [16], [17], [18]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One cross-sectional study calculated a type 2 diabetes risk score for 138 healthy adults taking into account age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, ethnicity and family history regarding diabetes and blood pressure and correlated it with the participant's daily water intake. An increase of 240 ml in water intake revealed a significant decline in the type 2 diabetes risk score [9]. All of the four groups formed based on their diabetes risk score had a daily fluid intake of 2.5 l. The ratio of water intake to liquid intake increased with a lower diabetes risk score.…”

Section: Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responsementioning

confidence: 96%

Preventing Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

Naumann¹,

Biehler²,

Lüty³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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To address the question whether there is evidence that drinking water in general or mineral water in particular is effective in preventing diabetes; we performed a literature search of randomized controlled trials (PubMed). The search resulted in very few trials (N = 9) investigating this topic: one trial investigates the effect of increasing water consumption on glycemic control in diabetic patients; two trials investigate the effect of drinking water with a meal in diabetic patients; while six trials compare the effect of mineral rich water with that of low mineralized water on glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. There is evidence that increasing water consumption can improve glucose metabolism and randomized controlled trials with mineral water suggest that waters containing relevant amounts of magnesium can exert an additional effect. The role of bicarbonate; which is present in all the mineral waters used in the trials; will be discussed. Future research needs to investigate the effect of mineral water in prediabetic individuals or individuals with impaired glycemic control.

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“…This is surprising because several meta-analyses of observational studies [ 6 , 33 ] and a survey of 75 countries [ 34 ] found a positive correlation between diet beverages and type 2 diabetes, sometimes even higher than for sucrose sweetened beverages. Furthermore, the amount of water and duration of the intervention were sufficient, as a nine-year follow-up of 3615 participants showed a significant lower risk of hyperglycaemia (20–30%) in participants drinking more than 0.5 L of water daily compared with drinking less [ 35 ], and an increase of 240 mL in water intake revealed a significant decline in the type 2 diabetes risk score in a cross-sectional study [ 36 ]. The authors of the study discuss the small sample size as a possible factor for this finding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

et al. 2017

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We aim to present an overview of the possible influence of drinking water in general and mineral water in particular in improving glycemic parameters in persons with or without type 2 diabetes. We performed a literature search that produced 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on this topic with mainly small sample sizes. We also discuss relevant observational and animal studies as well as the effects of important supplements in mineral water such as hydrogencarbonate and magnesium. There is low evidence for the positive effects of water or mineral water in improving glycemic parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic persons, and the results are heterogenous, making it difficult to reach an unequivocal conclusion. Meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and other observational studies, studies with animal models and interventional studies using hydrogencarbonate and magnesium supplements suggest a probable positive effect of drinking water and mineral water in particular on glycemic parameters, supporting the positive results found in some of the RCTs, especially those substituting diet beverages or caloric beverages with water, or those using bicarbonate and magnesium-rich water. Regarding the high prevalence, the associated suffering and the resulting health expenditures of type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to conduct larger and more rigorous trials to answer the question whether drinking water or mineral water can improve glycemic parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic persons.

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Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study in humans

Cited by 38 publications

References 27 publications

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

Preventing Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

Prevention and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

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Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study in humans

Cited by 38 publications

References 27 publications

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)

Preventing Diabetes&mdash;What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

Prevention and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?

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Preventing Diabetes—What Is the Potential of Daily Water Intake and Its Mineral Nutrients?