Higher Risk of Lung Cancer in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Skillrud, David M.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-105-4-503

Cited by 395 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This is an important observation that may have implications in the design of chemoprevention trials for smokers at risk of lung cancer. COPD is an established independent risk factor for lung cancer development, and for any level of tobacco exposure, patients with COPD are at greater risk for lung cancer development than smokers without COPD (Skillrud et al, 1986). Several studies have reported aberrant over-expression of the COX-2 protein in lung and other cancers, while therapy with inhibitors of COX-2 is associated with reduced occurrence of certain cancers (reviewed by (Sandler and Dubinett, 2004) and (Harris, 2007)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and oxidative cigarette smoke constituents induce immune-modulatory and pro-inflammatory dendritic cell responses

Vassallo

Kroening

Parambil

et al. 2008

Molecular Immunology

100

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Chronic airway inflammation is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a destructive cigarette smoke-induced lung disease. Although it is apparent that dendritic cells (DCs) are an important constituent of the chronic inflammatory cell influx found in airways of COPD patients, the functional roles of DCs in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced emphysema are unknown. We postulated that DCs activated by cigarette smoke constituents directly participate in the chronic inflammation that characterizes COPD airways. Concordant with this hypothesis, we observed that incubation of DCs with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and chronic exposure of mice to cigarette smoke, both augmented the generation of neutrophilic chemokines by immature and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD40L-matured DCs. The generation of interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8) by human DCs conditioned with CSE was suppressed by the antioxidant n-acetyl cysteine (NAC), implying the involvement of oxidant sensitive pathways as a primary mechanism involved in the enhanced CXCL8/IL-8 generation. Cigarette smoke extract and nicotine also augment the production of secreted prostaglandin E 2 and intracellular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in maturing DCs. Whereas NAC suppressed production of CXCL8 by CSEconditioned DCs, it augmented production of PGE 2 and cellular COX-2 levels in maturing DCs. These studies indicate that the stimulation of DCs by cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and nicotine promote the generation of pro-inflammatory responses that promote chronic inflammation in smokers. Certain pharmacologic strategies such as anti-oxidant therapy may be only partially effective in mitigating cigarette smoke-induced pro-inflammatory DC-mediated responses in smokers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and oxidative cigarette smoke constituents induce immune-modulatory and pro-inflammatory dendritic cell responses

Vassallo

Kroening

Parambil

et al. 2008

Molecular Immunology

100

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“…Independent of smoking behaviour, family history and occupational exposure, lung cancer risk is increased in patients with limited airway flow (Skillrud et al, 1986). Pulmonary surfactant is essential for normal lung function and provides several functions related to local airway conditions, such as enhancement of mucocilliary clearance, improvement of airway stability, encoating, deposition and retention of inhaled substances and particles as well as interaction with infectious agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, genetic factors may strongly mediate the risk among those who are exposed to carcinogens, as only 11% of the tobacco smokers ultimately develop lung cancer (Amos et al, 1999). In patients with impaired lung function, incidence and mortality of lung cancer is increased, independent of smoking habits, age and family history (Skillrud et al, 1986). Thus, in response to environmental mutagens the individual variability may be mediated by local factors of the airways.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant protein B gene variations enhance susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in German patients

Seifart

Plagens

et al. 2002

Br J Cancer

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Genetic factors are thought to influence the risk for lung cancer. Since pulmonary surfactant mediates the response to inhaled carcinogenic substances, candidate genes may be among those coding for pulmonary surfactant proteins. In the present matched case -control study a polymorphism within intron 4 of the gene coding for surfactant specific protein B was analysed in 357 individuals. They were divided into 117 patients with lung cancer (40 patients with small cell lung cancer, 77 patients with non small cell lung cancer), matched controls and 123 healthy individuals. Surfactant protein B gene variants were analysed using specific PCR and cloned surfactant protein B sequences as controls. The frequency of the intron 4 variation was similar in both control groups (13.0% and 9.4%), whereas it was increased in the small cell lung cancer group (17.5%) and the non small cell lung cancer group (16.9%). The gene variation was found significantly more frequently in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (25.0%, P=0.016, odds ratio=3.2, 95%CI=1.24 -8.28) than in the controls. These results indicate an association of the surfactant protein B intron 4 variants and/or its flanking loci with mechanisms that may enhance lung cancer susceptibility, especially to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

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“…It was shown that the relative risk for smokers to be affected by lung cancer, when they suffered from obstructive ventilation disorder (Skillud et al, 1987) was significantly higher than that of comparative groups with normal lung-function parameters.…”

Section: Protecting Micronutrients In Meat With Respect To Cancermentioning

confidence: 92%

‘Mealthy’ food: meat as a healthy and valuable source of micronutrients

Nöhr

Biesalski

2007

Animal

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Over the last two or three decades meat and especially liver have been looked upon as unhealthy food with high fat content and carcinogenic potential. In addition, its content of highly valuable micronutrients has mostly been ignored. As a result, the mean uptake and serum levels of several micronutrients in the population are below the recommended levels. In the meantime, the contamination of liver with heavy metals and other contaminants has fallen far below the allowed thresholds and sometimes even below the detection limit while its content of micronutrients like iron, folate, selenium or zinc are still high. As a further advantage, the bioavailability of many micronutrients often is better from meat and liver then from plant sources. Considering these advantages and the low content of contaminants in meat and liver leads us to propose that meat -including livershould be a regular part of a mixed and balanced healthy diet along with vegetables and fruits as the major components to ensure an optimal supply of micronutrients.

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Higher Risk of Lung Cancer in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cited by 395 publications

References 17 publications

Nicotine and oxidative cigarette smoke constituents induce immune-modulatory and pro-inflammatory dendritic cell responses

Nicotine and oxidative cigarette smoke constituents induce immune-modulatory and pro-inflammatory dendritic cell responses

Surfactant protein B gene variations enhance susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in German patients

‘Mealthy’ food: meat as a healthy and valuable source of micronutrients

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